Table 3.

Universal measures to decrease radiation exposure.

Use the ceiling mount lead shield to protect the upper body, head, and the eyes. The lead skirt attached to the table should be positioned correctly to protect the lower body. Have an additional extra-shielding of X-Ray equipment if there are frequent cases of chronic total occlusion are performed in the cardiac catheterization laboratories. Keep the table as high as necessary. Keep the image intensifier as close to the chest of the patient as possible, especially in the cranial position. Good collimation and prevention of excessive radiation is very important for quality of the image because radiation scatter causes image degradation.