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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Oct;213(4 0):S29–S52. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2015.08.040

Figure 6.

Figure 6

Staging of acute funisitis. (A) Umbilical phlebitis showing amniotropic migration of fetal neutrophils into the muscle layer of the umbilical vein. Umbilical phlebitis represents stage 1 fetal inflammation. (B) Umbilical arteritis is a stage 2 fetal inflammatory response. (C) Necrotizing funisitis is considered stage 3 fetal inflammatory response. Its characteristic feature is concentric, perivascular distribution of degenerated neutrophils (asterisk). The presence of a thrombus should be considered as a severe fetal inflammatory response.