Table 2. Univariate and multivariate odds ratio (OR) of sitting more than 7.5 hours per day, by country and socio-demographic characteristics.
| Univariate OR (95% CI) of sitting >7.5 hours per day | Model 1: Multivariatea OR (95% CI) of sitting >7.5 hours per day | Model 2: Multivariateb OR (95% CI) of sitting >7.5 hours per day | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Country (ref: all other countries) | |||
| Netherlands | 2.16 (1.88–2.47)** | 2.01 (1.71–2.36)** | 2.12 (1.80–2.50)** |
| Denmark | 2.12 (1.84–2.43)** | 1.55 (1.32–1.83)** | 1.89 (1.60–2.23)** |
| Czech Republic | 1.62 (1.40–1.87)** | 1.86 (1.55–2.23)** | 1.42 (1.18–1.71)** |
| Sweden | 1.43 (1.23–1.66)** | 1.13 (0.96–1.34) | 1.08 (0.91–1.29) |
| Estonia | 1.32 (1.13–1.53)** | 1.20 (0.98–1.45) | 1.16 (0.95–1.41) |
| Croatia | 1.31 (1.12–1.52)* | 1.47 (1.20–1.80)** | 1.45 (1.18–1.77)** |
| Finland | 1.20 (1.03–1.41)* | 1.08 (0.90–1.30) | 1.21 (1.01–1.46)* |
| Luxembourg | 1.15 (0.92–1.44) | 1.20 (0.93–1.56) | 1.29 (0.99–1.68) |
| Greece | 1.10 (0.94–1.29) | 0.92 (0.71–1.20) | 0.92 (0.71–1.20) |
| Slovakia | 1.10 (0.93–1.29) | 1.28 (1.05–1.57)* | 1.18 (0.96–1.44) |
| Bulgaria | 1.09 (0.92–1.28) | 0.93 (0.67–1.28) | 0.91 (0.65–1.26) |
| United Kingdom | 1.05 (0.91–1.22) | 0.80 (0.66–0.97)* | 0.77 (0.64–0.94)* |
| Republic of Cyprus | 1.04 (0.83–1.31) | 0.77 (0.52–1.14) | 0.75 (0.51–1.12) |
| Austria | 1.03 (0.88–1.22) | 1.07 (0.87–1.33) | 0.87 (0.70–1.08) |
| Germany | 0.99 (0.86–1.13) | 1.03 (0.88–1.21) | 1.02 (0.86–1.20) |
| France | 0.98 (0.84–1.16) | 0.93 (0.76–1.14) | 1.04 (0.84–1.28) |
| Poland | 0.96 (0.81–1.15) | 0.95 (0.73–1.22) | 0.98 (0.76–1.26) |
| Belgium | 0.96 (0.81–1.12) | 0.73 (0.60–0.90)* | 0.73 (0.59–0.89)* |
| Latvia | 0.93 (0.78–1.10) | 0.93 (0.75–1.15) | 0.95 (0.77–1.18) |
| Lithuania | 0.88 (0.74–1.05) | 0.81 (0.64–1.02) | 0.87 (0.69–1.09) |
| Romania | 0.73 (0.61–0.88)* | 0.92 (0.69–1.22) | 0.94 (0.70–1.26) |
| Slovenia | 0.60 (0.50–0.73)** | 0.57 (0.46–0.72)** | 0.58 (0.46–0.73)** |
| Malta | 0.59 (0.45–0.78)** | 0.87 (0.57–1.33) | 0.86 (0.56–1.34) |
| Hungary | 0.58 (0.48–0.71)** | 0.54 (0.41–0.72)** | 0.51 (0.38–0.67)** |
| Italy | 0.53 (0.44–0.66)** | 0.68 (0.51–0.90)* | 0.57 (0.43–0.76)** |
| Ireland | 0.50 (0.41–0.62)** | 0.49 (0.38–0.64)** | 0.54 (0.41–0.71)** |
| Portugal | 0.48 (0.39–0.59)** | 0.41 (0.28–0.62)** | 0.39 (0.26–0.58)** |
| Spain | 0.42 (0.34–0.52)** | 0.46 (0.34–0.62)** | 0.51 (0.37–0.69)** |
| Gender | |||
| Male (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Female | 0.88 (0.83–0.94)** | 0.81 (0.74–0.87)** | 0.81 (0.74–0.88)** |
| Age | |||
| Overall | 0.97 (0.95–0.99)* | 0.94 (0.91–0.98)* | 0.92 (0.89–0.95)** |
| 18–24 years | 1.10 (0.96–1.25) | 0.75 (0.62–0.92)* | 0.87 (0.71–1.06) |
| 25–34 years (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 35–44 years | 0.99 (0.89–1.10) | 1.08 (0.94–1.24) | 1.02 (0.89–1.18) |
| 45–54 years | 0.98 (0.88–1.09) | 1.08 (0.94–1.24) | 1.04 (0.90–1.20) |
| 55–64 years | 0.84 (0.75–0.94)* | 0.80 (0.68–0.93)* | 0.90 (0.76–1.06) |
| 65+ years | 0.96 (0.86–1.06) | 0.66 (0.55–0.78)** | 0.87 (0.70–1.08) |
| Marital status | |||
| Unmarried (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| (Re-)Married/ with partner | 0.79 (0.73–0.86)** | 0.97 (0.86–1.10) | 0.97 (0.86–1.10) |
| Divorced or separated | 0.90 (0.79–1.03) | 1.02 (0.85–1.21) | 1.01 (0.84–1.21) |
| Widowed | 0.97 (0.86–1.10) | 1.21 (0.98–1.49) | 1.18 (0.95–1.46) |
| Age when stopped education | |||
| Overall | 1.43 (1.38–1.49)** | 1.32 (1.24–1.40)** | |
| Up to 15 years (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| 16–19 years | 1.14 (1.04–1.26)* | 1.04 (0.89–1.23) | |
| 20+ years | 1.92 (1.74–2.12)** | 1.51 (1.28–1.79)** | |
| Still studying | 2.42 (2.09–2.81)** | 2.35 (1.81–3.04)** | |
| Current occupation | |||
| Self-employed | 2.16 (1.86–2.51)** | 2.01 (1.67–2.42)** | |
| Manager | 4.41 (3.89–5.00)** | 3.65 (3.13–4.25)** | |
| Other white collar | 5.50 (4.88–6.19)** | 5.00 (4.31–5.80)** | |
| Manual worker (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| House person | 0.73 (0.60–0.89)* | 0.72 (0.54–0.97)* | |
| Unemployed | 1.29 (1.10–1.52)* | 1.31 (1.06–1.62)* | |
| Retired | 2.21 (1.98–2.46)** | 1.51 (1.25–1.82)** | |
| Student | 3.96 (3.39–4.62)** | 3.84 (3.03–4.86)** | |
| Physical activity | |||
| Overall | 0.71 (0.69–0.74)** | 0.66 (0.64–0.69)** | 0.66 (0.63–0.68)** |
| Least active quartile | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Second quartile | 0.87 (0.79–0.96)* | 0.73 (0.66–0.81)** | 0.73 (0.66–0.81)** |
| Third quartile | 0.62 (0.56–0.68)** | 0.50 (0.44–0.55)** | 0.50 (0.45–0.56)** |
| Most active quartile | 0.33 (0.30–0.37)** | 0.27 (0.24–0.31)** | 0.29 (0.26–0.33)** |
| Type of community | |||
| Overall | 1.30 (1.25–1.35)** | 1.24 (1.18–1.31)** | 1.26 (1.19–1.32)** |
| Rural area or village | 0.60 (0.55–0.64)** | 0.66 (0.60–0.74)** | 0.71 (0.63–0.79)** |
| Small or medium sized town | 0.78 (0.73–0.84)** | 0.80 (0.73–0.89)** | 0.85 (0.77–0.94)* |
| Large town (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Children aged <15 years living in the household | |||
| Overall | 0.92 (0.89–0.96)** | 0.97 (0.92–1.02) | 0.90 (0.85–0.95)** |
| None (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| One | 0.98 (0.89–1.07) | 0.98 (0.87–1.12) | 1.03 (0.90–1.17) |
| Two | 0.95 (0.85–1.06) | 0.94 (0.81–1.09) | 0.96 (0.82–1.12) |
| Three or more | 0.58 (0.46–0.72)** | 0.66 (0.51–0.86)* | 0.70 (0.53–0.92)* |
| Television ownership | |||
| No (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 0.84 (0.69–1.03) | 0.89 (0.70–1.15) | 0.88 (0.69–1.13) |
| Computer ownership | |||
| No (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 1.28 (1.19–1.38)** | 0.91 (0.76–1.09) | 0.93 (0.77–1.13) |
| Car ownership | |||
| No (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 0.95 (0.89–1.02) | 0.95 (0.85–1.06) | 0.88 (0.78–0.98)* |
| Internet use frequency | |||
| Overall | 0.75 (0.72–0.78)** | 0.62 (0.57–0.68)** | 0.63 (0.57–0.68)** |
| Everyday | 1.63 (1.51–1.75)** | 1.78 (1.46–2.18)** | 1.53 (1.24–1.88)** |
| Often/sometimes | 0.68 (0.61–0.76)** | 0.81 (0.65–1.00) | 0.84 (0.67–1.04) |
| Never/no access (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Difficulties paying bills | |||
| Overall | 1.24 (1.19–1.30)** | 1.22 (1.13–1.32)** | 1.24 (1.15–1.33)** |
| Most of the time | 0.74 (0.67–0.81)** | 0.75 (0.64–0.89)* | 0.83 (0.70–0.98)* |
| From time to time | 0.69 (0.64–0.74)** | 0.73 (0.66–0.81)** | 0.75 (0.68–0.84)** |
| Almost never/never (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Life satisfaction | |||
| Overall | 0.94 (0.90–0.98)* | 1.08 (1.01–1.15)* | 1.06 (0.99–1.13) |
| Very satisfied (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Fairly satisfied | 0.88 (0.82–0.95)* | 1.05 (0.95–1.16) | 1.07 (0.97–1.19) |
| Not very satisfied | 0.78 (0.70–0.86)** | 1.08 (0.93–1.27) | 1.19 (1.01–1.40)* |
| Not at all satisfied | 1.01 (0.87–1.17) | 1.37 (1.04–1.81)* | 1.55 (1.17–2.05)* |
The countries are ordered based on the univariate OR. Because of co-linearity between the Education and Occupation variables we constructed two multivariate models: one including Education excluding Occupation (1) and vice versa (2).
* p<0.05
** p<0.001
a. Adjusted for country, gender, age, marital status, age when stopped education, physical activity, type of community, children aged <15 years living in the household, television ownership, computer ownership, car ownership, internet use frequency, difficulties paying bills and life satisfaction.
b. Adjusted for country, gender, age, marital status, current occupation, physical activity, type of community, children aged <15 years living in the household, television ownership, computer ownership, car ownership, internet use frequency, difficulties paying bills and life satisfaction.