Table II.
Adjusted analyses for associations between maternal geohelminth infections or potential confounders and study outcomes
| Variable | Eczema to 3 y |
Wheeze to 3 y |
Allergen SPT reactivity at 3 y |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | P value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | P value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Any maternal geohelminth | ||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Yes | 1.26 (0.98-1.61) | .067 | 1.02 (0.82-1.27) | .837 | 0.79 (0.61-1.01) | .060 |
| Maternal ethnicity | ||||||
| Non–Afro-Ecuadorian | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Afro-Ecuadorian | 1.25 (0.96-1.62) | .103 | 1.30 (1.03-1.65) | .026 | 1.12 (0.85-1.47) | .413 |
| Maternal educational level | ||||||
| Illiterate | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Complete primary | 0.83 (0.58-1.16) | .275 | 0.87 (0.64-1.18) | .368 | 0.80 (0.56-1.14) | .225 |
| Complete secondary | 0.98 (0.64-1.49) | .915 | 0.89 (0.61-1.30) | .540 | 0.67 (0.43-1.04) | .073 |
| Area of residence | ||||||
| Urban | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Rural | 1.07 (0.81-1.43) | .627 | 0.91 (0.71-1.18) | .477 | 1.00 (0.75-1.34) | .987 |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Female | 0.90 (0.71-1.14) | .373 | 0.77 (0.63-0.95) | .014 | 0.91 (0.72-1.15) | .439 |
| Socioeconomic status∗ | ||||||
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| 2 | 0.86 (0.64-1.15) | .301 | 0.84 (0.65-1.09) | .188 | 1.03 (0.77-1.39) | .827 |
| 3 | 0.85 (0.62-1.17) | .313 | 1.04 (0.79-1.37) | .785 | 1.05 (0.76-1.46) | .750 |
| Birth order | ||||||
| First | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Second-fourth | 1.09 (0.81-1.46) | .573 | 1.26 (0.97-1.64) | .080 | 0.87 (0.64-1.14) | .287 |
| ≥Fifth | 0.85 (0.57-1.28) | .441 | 1.18 (0.83-1.67) | .357 | 0.74 (0.50-1.10) | .137 |
| Maternal allergy | ||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Yes | 2.29 (1.46-3.61) | <.001 | 1.34 (0.85-2.12) | .208 | 1.33 (0.80-2.23) | .276 |
| Household overcrowding† | ||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Yes | 1.25 (0.96-1.61) | .094 | 1.15 (0.91-1.44) | .239 | 1.08 (0.83-1.14) | .564 |
| Pets inside house | ||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Yes | 1.32 (1.02-1.71) | .036 | 1.15 (0.92-1.46) | .221 | 0.98 (0.75-1.29) | .909 |
| Contact with large farm animals‡ | ||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Yes | 0.94 (0.72-1.22) | .653 | 0.88 (0.70-1.11) | .291 | 0.79 (0.60-1.04) | .089 |
| Pneumonia to 13 mo | ||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Yes | 2.05 (1.27-3.29) | .003 | 5.64 (3.61-8.81) | <.001 | 0.59 (0.30-1.15) | .122 |
| Geohelminth infections in child§ | ||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Yes | 0.98 (0.75-1.28) | .869 | 1.22 (0.97-1.54) | .096 | 0.92 (0.70-1.21) | .542 |
ORs and 95% CIs were estimated using logistic regression and adjusted for all variables shown. P values of less than .05 are shown in boldface. SPT, Allergen skin prick test reactivity to any of 10 allergens.
Socioeconomic status (SES) represents tertiles of z scores obtained by using a factor analysis, with 1 representing the lowest and 3 representing the highest SES.
Household overcrowding is defined as the number of persons living in the household per sleeping room.
Any of cows, pigs, mules, donkeys, and horses.
Geohelminth infections in the child: presence of any geohelminth infection detected during the first 2 years of life.