Pollen tube and root hair phenotypes of mutants from the pollen and root modules. A, Pollen module mutants (cobl10-4 and crd1-1) show disrupted and bulging pollen tubes (arrowheads). Bars = 50 µm. B, Reciprocal backcrosses of pollen module mutants show that transmission of the T-DNA insertion through the male is completely abolished in cobl10-4, strongly reduced in pir1-1, and slightly reduced in both mutant alleles for crd1. Note that the phenotype of cobl10-4 was complemented by introducing a genomic construct of COBL10. Transmission efficiency was calculated as heterozygous plants/wild-type plants × 100. C, Root module mutant (perk13-1) with bulging root hairs (arrowheads). Complementation of the perk13-1 mutant used a genomic construct of PERK13. Bars = 200 µm.