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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Dev Comp Immunol. 2015 Dec 13;58:102–118. doi: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.12.006

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Immune effector mechanisms of insects. Insects kill pathogens via phagocytosis (section 5.1), melanization (section 5.2), cellular encapsulation (section 5.3), nodulation (section 5.4), lysis (section 5.5), RNA interference (section 5.6), autophagy (section 5.7), and apoptosis (section 5.8).