Figure 4.
Immune effector mechanisms of insects. Insects kill pathogens via phagocytosis (section 5.1), melanization (section 5.2), cellular encapsulation (section 5.3), nodulation (section 5.4), lysis (section 5.5), RNA interference (section 5.6), autophagy (section 5.7), and apoptosis (section 5.8).
