Table 1.
Adrenal lymphangiomas (ALs)
| Case | Author/year | Sex/age | Site | Size | Symptoms & signs | Hormone secreting | Imaging modalities | Treatment | Pathology/immunohistochemistry | Follow-up (months) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Lynn [3]/1965 | M/50 | Left | 5.0 | Hypertension, headaches, dizziness, nausea, lassitude | No | Urography, angiography | Open adrenalectomy | CL | 24 |
| 2 | Boscaino [5]/1977 | F/21 | Right | NR | Urinary infection symptoms, Palpable mass | No | Urography, angiography | Open adrenalectomy | CL | NR |
| 3 | Georgi [7]/1982 | F/48 | Right | 12.0 | Pain in right upper abdomen, hypertension | No | U/S, angiography | Open adrenalectomy | CL | NR |
| 4 | Millon [8]/1982 | M/45 | NR | NR | Hypertension | NR | U/S, angiography | Open adrenalectomy | CL | NR |
| 5 | Pfister [10]/1987 | F/51 | Right | 5.0 | Lumbar pain | Iodocholesterol | Angiography | Open adrenalectomy | CL | NR |
| 6 | Gossot [11]/1987 | F/39 | Left | 10.0 | Fever, incidental adrenal mass | No | U/S, CT, angiography | Open adrenalectomy | CL | 3 |
| 7 | Sanromá [12]/1988 | F/20 | Right | 2.5 | Epigastric & upper right quadrant pain, nausea, vomiting | No | U/S, CT | Open adrenalectomy | CL | NR |
| 8 | Gleeson [13]/1988 | F/38 | Right | 7.0 | Right loin pain, weight loss | No | U/S, CT, urography, angiography | Open adrenalectomy | Multiple CL | NR |
| 9 | Costantino [14]/1993 | M/16 | Left | 10.0 | Epigastric pain | No | U/S, CT, urography | Open adrenalectomy | CL | NR |
| 10 | Berthet [15]/1993 | M/57 | Right | 10.0 | Hypertension | No | U/S, CT, urography | Open resection | CL | NR |
| 11 | Berthet [15]/1993 | F/32 | Right | 30.0 | Right hypochondrium mass | No | U/S, CT, angiography | Open adrenalectomy | CL | NR |
| 12 | Berthet [15]/1993 | F/33 | Right | 13.0 | Incidental adrenal mass | No | U/S, CT | Open resection | Cystic haemolymphangioma | NR |
| 13 | Camara [16]/1994 | F/25 | Right | 14.0 | Right upper quadrant pain, nausea | No | U/S | Open adrenalectomy | CL | NR |
| 14 | Iderne [17]/1995 | F/52 | Right | 12.0 | Right upper quadrant pain, nausea, vomiting | Aldosterone | U/S, CT, urography | Open partial adrenalectomy | CL | NR |
| 15 | Alapont Pérez [19]/1996 | F/34 | NR | NR | Lower urinary tract infection, continuous and aggravating pain in left lumbar area | No | U/S, CT, urography | Open adrenalectomy | CL | NR |
| 16 | Mortelé [21]/1996 | M/58 | Bilateral | R:21, L:4 | Diffuse abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting (syndrome Gorlin-Goltz) | No | U/S, CT, MRI | Open resection | CL | NR |
| 17 | Hoeffel [22]/1999 | F/22 | Bilateral | R:7.8, L:8.7 | Left upper abdominal pain, palpated mass | No | U/S, CT, MRI, urography | Open resection | CLs | NR |
| 18 | Longo [23]/2000 | F/30 | Right | 4.0 | Right flank discomfort | No | U/S, CT, MRI, urography | Open adrenalectomy | CL | 24 |
| 19 | Trojan [24]/2000 | M/40 | Right | 5.7 | Partial small-bowel obstruction | No | U/S, CT | Open resection | CL | NR |
| 20 | Yokota [25]/2000 | F/53 | Left | NR | Residual urine feeling | Catecholamines and cortisol | U/S, CT, MRI, urography, angiography | Open adrenalectomy | CL | NR |
| 21 | Touiti [26]/2003 | F/38 | Right | 9.4 | Chronic right lumbar pain | Aldosterone | U/S, CT, MRI, urography | Open subtotal adrenalectomy | CL | 3 |
| 22 | Satou [27]/2003 | M/46 | Left | 2.0 | Palpitation and siderosis | No | U/S, CT, MRI | Laparoscopic adrenalectomy | Multiple CL/LCA, CD20, factor VIII and CD34 IN endothelium | 24 |
| 23 | Luncă [28]/2004 | F/47 | Left | 12.0 | Incidental adrenal mass | No | U/S | Open resection | CL | NR |
| 24 | Robledo-Ogazón [29]/2004 | F/21 | Right | 7.0 | Hypertension, frontal headache, nausea, anxiety, irritability, depression | No | U/S, CT | Open adrenalectomy | Multiple CL | NR |
| 25 | Garcia [30]/2004 | F/22 | Left | 3.5 | Right lower quadrant abdominal pain | NR | U/S, CT, MRI | Open partial adrenalectomy | CL/CD 31 | NR |
| 26 | Ates [1]/2005 | F/26 | Right | 9.0 | Weakness, put weight, lumbago | No | U/S, CT, MRI | Open adrenalectomy | Multiple CL/CD31, CD34, smooth muscle actin | NR |
| 27 | Nouira [31]/2007 | F/30 | Left | NR | Incidental adrenal mass | NR | U/S, CT | Laparoscopic excision | CL | NR |
| 28 | Bettaïeb [32]/2007 | F/22 | Left | 35 | Left flank pain, nausea, vomiting, constipation | No | U/S, CT | Open subtotal adrenalectomy | CL/CD34, factor VIII | NR |
| 29 | Pereira [33]/2007 | F/41 | Left | 3.0 | Hypertension | Catecholamines | U/S, CT | Open resection | Multiple CL/CD31, CD34 | NR |
| 30 | Chien [34]/2008 | F/59 | Right | 6.0 | Incidental adrenal mass | Catecholamines | U/S, CT | Open adrenalectomy | CL/D2-40, CD34 | 16 |
| 31 | Chien [34]/2008 | F/43 | Right | 5.0 | Hypertension, dizziness | No | U/S, CT | Open adrenalectomy | CL/D2-40, CD34 | 26 |
| 32 | Chien [34]/2008 | M/50 | Left | 15.0 | Left flank soreness | No | U/S, CT | Open adrenalectomy | CL/D2-40, CD34 | 21 |
| 33 | Chien [34]/2008 | F/53 | Right | 7.0 | Flank pain | No | U/S, CT | Open adrenalectomy | CL/D2-40, CD-34 | 191 |
| 34 | Chien [34]/2008 | F/31 | Right | 18.0 | Painless abdominal mass | No | U/S, CT | Open adrenalectomy | CL/D2-40, CD-34 | 1 |
| 35 | Chien [34]/2008 | M/58 | Left | 5.7 | Incidental adrenal mass | No | U/S, CT | Open adrenalectomy | CL/D2-40, CD34 | 23 |
| 36 | Ait Ali [35]/2009 | F/33 | Right | 6.5 | Right flank pain, inferior edemas | NR | U/S, CT, MRI | Open resection | CL | NR |
| 37 | Cutaja [36]/2009 | F/60 | Left | 4.0 | Recurrent abdominal pain | NR | U/S, CT, MRI | Open adrenalectomy | CL | NR |
| 38 | Ellis [2]/2010 | F/51 | Right | 3.2 | Flank pain, hypertension | NR | U/S, CT, MRI | Open adrenalectomy | CL/D2-40 | NR |
| 39 | Ellis [2]/2010 | M/38 | Right | 2.0 | Morbid obesity, hypertension | NR | U/S, CT, MRI | Partial adrenalectomy | CL/D2-40, CD31 | NR |
| 40 | Ellis [2]/2010 | F/28 | Left | 13.5 | Back pain, increasing adrenal mass | NR | U/S, CT, MRI | Open adrenalectomy | CL/D2-40, CD31, VIMENTIN | NR |
| 41 | Ellis [2]/2010 | M/46 | Right | 4.0 | Urethral bleeding | NR | U/S, CT, MRI | Open adrenalectomy | CL/D2-40, CD34 | NR |
| 42 | Ellis [2]/2010 | F/32 | Left | 6.5 | Abdominal pain, early satiety | NR | U/S, CT, MRI | Open adrenalectomy | CL/D2-40 | NR |
| 43 | Ellis [2]/2010 | M/46 | Right | 4.0 | Incidental adrenal mass | NR | U/S, CT, MRI | Open adrenalectomy | CL/D2-40, CD31 | NR |
| 44 | Ellis [2]/2010 | F/42 | Right | 6.5 | Increasing back pain, increasing size of adrenal mass | NR | U/S, CT, MRI | Open adrenalectomy | CL/D2-40 | NR |
| 45 | Ellis [2]/2010 | F/39 | Right | NR | Florid endometriosis, incidental adrenal mass | NR | U/S, CT, MRI | Open adrenalectomy | CL/D2-40, CD31, CD34, factor VIII | NR |
| 46 | Ellis [2]/2010 | F/56 | Left | 2.5 | Chest pain | NR | U/S, CT, MRI | Open adrenalectomy | CL/D2-40 | NR |
| 47 | Sallami [38]/2013 | F/29 | Right | 6.0 | Lumbar pain | No | Pyelography, U/S, CT | Open adrenalectomy | CL/CD31, CD34 | 17 |
| 48 | Liu [39]/2013 | F/45 | Left | 3.0 | Incidental adrenal mass | No | U/S, CT | Retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy | CL/CD31, CD34 | NR |
M male, F female, NR not reported, CL cystic lymphangioma, U/S ultrasonography, CT computed tomography, MRI magnetic resonance imaging