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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Mar 3.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Neurosci. 2016 Feb 23;19(3):414–416. doi: 10.1038/nn.4232

Figure 1.

Figure 1

A clinical trial for patients with cocaine addiction guided by rodent optogenetics. Optogenetic stimulation of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) with a channelrhodopsin (ChR) suppresses compulsive cocaine seeking in rats7. Terraneo et al.6 found that rTMS of the DLPFC appeared to prevent cocaine use relapse in cocaine-addicted patients. The mechanism of this therapeutic effect may include modulated activity in subcortical reward circuitry involving the dopaminergic midbrain (ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra (SN)) and the striatum (dorsal striatum (DS) and nucleus accumbens (Ac)).