Table 1.

Possible causes of oral dysgeusia [1–5].

Local factors	Dental abscess, candida infection, trauma to the oral cavity, hyposalivation, removable prostheses, and gastric oesophageal reflux disease
Drugs	Antimicrobials
	Antibacterials: cephalosporins, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, clindamycin, co-trimoxazole, doxycycline, imipenem with cilastatin, metronidazole, ofloxacin,  penicillins, trimethoprim, tetracycline, and vancomycin
	Antivirals: aciclovir, ganciclovir, indinavir, ritonavir, and zidovudine
	Antifungals: fluconazole and griseofulvin
	Central nervous system
	Antiparkinsonians: bromocriptine, levodopa, and pergolide
	Migraine medications: naratriptan and sumatriptan
	Muscle relaxants: baclofen and methocarbamol
	Tricyclic antidepressants: amitriptyline, clomipramine, desipramine, doxepin, imipramine, nortriptyline, and trimipramine
	Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: citalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, and sertraline
	Antipsychotics: clozapine, olanzapine, and risperidone
	Benzodiazepines: alprazolam, clonazepam, flurazepam, and midazolam
	Mood stabilisers: lithium
	Cardiovascular
	Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: captopril, enalapril, lisinopril, and perindopril
	Beta-adrenoreceptor blockers: labetalol, metoprolol, propranolol, and timolol
	Calcium-channel blockers: amlodipine, diltiazem, and nifedipine
	Potassium-sparing diuretics: amiloride and triamterene
	Statins: atorvastatin, fluvastatin, and simvastatin
	Antiarrhythmics: amiodarone, flecainide, and procainamide
	Endocrine
	Diabetic medications: glibenclamide, metformin, and tolbutamide
	Other
	Antineoplastics: busulfan, dacarbazine, vinblastine, and vincristine
	Antimalarials: hydroxychloroquine, pyrimethamine, and quinine
	Bisphosphonates: alendronic acid, etidronic acid, and pamidronic acid
	Bronchodilators: salbutamol and terbutaline
	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories: celecoxib, diclofenac, ketoprofen, and ketorolac
Systemic disease	Diabetes mellitus, haematinic deficiency (ferritin, folate, or vitamin B12), Sjögren's syndrome, Crohn's disease, and chronic kidney disease
Peripheral nervous system	Syndromes affecting the facial, glossopharyngeal, or vagal nerves (e.g., Bell's palsy) and tumours of the skull base or cerebellopontine angle (meningioma, schwannoma, epidermoid tumour, and brain metastasis)
Central nervous system	Ischaemia, haemorrhage, or demyelination affecting the brainstem, thalamus or cortical components of the gustatory pathway, and temporal lobe epilepsy