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. 2016 Feb 18;2016:4982676. doi: 10.1155/2016/4982676

Table 1.

Demographic, hemodynamic, and vascular parameters.

  Total <8 years 8 to 14 years ≥15 years
  Female Male p Female Male p Female Male p Female Male p
  VM ± DS VM ± DS VM ± DS VM ± DS VM ± DS VM ± DS VM ± DS VM ± DS
Anthropometric data                        
N 68 93   9 13   29 50   30 30  
Age (years) 16.2 ± 7.3 14.4 ± 6.2 0.08 6.8 ± 1.1 6.4 ± 0.9 0.38 11.8 ± 2.3 11.8 ± 1.9 0.93 23.4 ± 4.1 22.0 ± 3.8 0.20
Weight (kg) 46.3 ± 16.8 47.5 ± 20.8 0.69 23.2 ± 5.3 20.9 ± 2.4 0.18 40.3 ± 12.7 39.8 ± 12.1 0.85 59.4 ± 10.6 72.0 ± 9.2 <0.001
Height (m) 1.50 ± 0.18 1.53 ± 0.23 0.49 1.22 ± 0.08 1.17 ± 0.07 0.15 1.46 ± 0.14 1.47 ± 0.14 0.81 1.63 ± 0.07 1.77 ± 0.06 <0.001
Body mass index (Kg/m2) 19.6 ± 3.9 19.1 ± 3.7 0.44 15.5 ± 2.0 15.2 ± 1.1 0.68 18.4 ± 3.0 18.0 ± 2.6 0.51 22.2 ± 3.5 22.9 ± 2.6 0.38
Hemodynamic parameters                        
Heart rate 79 ± 11 74 ± 12 0.03 87 ± 3 85 ± 11 0.65 80 ± 12 74 ± 11 0.07 75 ± 10 68 ± 12 0.04
Peripheral blood pressure                        
 Brachial SBP (mmHg) 107 ± 10 110 ± 13 0.10 98 ± 5 97 ± 7 0.77 105 ± 7 106 ± 6 0.53 114 ± 11 125 ± 11 <0.001
 Brachial DBP (mmHg) 61 ± 7 59 ± 8 0.20 60 ± 6 57 ± 7 0.44 59 ± 6 58 ± 6 0.39 64 ± 9 64 ± 7 0.74
 Brachial PP (mmHg) 46 ± 7 51 ± 10 <0.001 39 ± 3 42 ± 6 0.22 46 ± 6 48 ± 6 0.07 49 ± 7 60 ± 10 <0.001
Central blood pressure                        
 Aortic SBP (mmHg) 92 ± 10 95 ± 12 0.26 82 ± 6 83 ± 6 0.85 89 ± 8 90 ± 8 0.50 99 ± 10 107 ± 9 <0.001
 Aortic DBP (mmHg) 63 ± 7 61 ± 7 0.18 61 ± 5 59 ± 7 0.43 61 ± 7 59 ± 6 0.21 68 ± 10 65 ± 8 0.19
 Aortic PP (mmHg) 28 ± 6 33 ± 10 <0.001 21 ± 2 23 ± 5 0.34 28 ± 5 31 ± 7 0.04 31 ± 6 42 ± 9 <0.001
Aortic pulse wave analysis                        
 Augmented pressure (mmHg) 2 ± 3 0 ± 3 0.01 2 ± 2 2 ± 2 0.32 1 ± 3 0 ± 3 0.35 2 ± 3 −1 ± 4 <0.001
 Augmentation index 75 (%) 6 ± 11 1 ± 12 0.00 15 ± 9 15 ± 9 0.99 6 ± 9 1 ± 10 0.04 6 ± 8 −8 ± 5 <0.001
 AIx-to-height ratio 4.6 ± 7.8 1.2 ± 8.4 0.01 12.4 ± 7.9 12.8 ± 8.5 0.92 4.5 ± 7.4 1.0 ± 6.8 0.04 2.6 ± 7.1 −3.9 ± 5.2 <0.001
 SEVR 128 ± 33 140 ± 33 0.02 113 ± 20 126 ± 20 0.17 119 ± 26 133 ± 32 0.05 141 ± 37 158 ± 30 0.07
Mode B ultrasound                        
Common carotid artery                        
 Diastolic diameter (mm) 5.6 ± 0.5 5.9 ± 0.7 0.02 5.0 ± 0.4 5.2 ± 0.6 0.27 5.6 ± 0.5 5.8 ± 0.7 0.12 5.9 ± 0.4 6.3 ± 0.5 0.01
 IMT (mm) 0.442 ± 0.046 0.459 ± 0.061 0.08 0.405 ± 0.039 0.416 ± 0.048 0.58 0.433 ± 0.036 0.449 ± 0.054 0.16 0.459 ± 0.044 0.497 ± 0.069 0.04
 Elastic modulus (mmHg) 252 ± 100 295 ± 138 0.05 134 ± 28 161 ± 40 0.11 220 ± 66 267 ± 101 0.03 349 ± 75 424 ± 137 0.04
  β Index 1.64 ± 0.22 1.75 ± 0.30 0.02 1.46 ± 0.15 1.50 ± 0.29 0.74 1.63 ± 0.20 1.70 ± 0.25 0.21 1.74 ± 0.21 1.98 ± 0.24 <0.001
Common femoral artery                        
 Diastolic diameter (mm) 5.6 ± 1.1 6.3 ± 1.4 <0.001 4.5 ± 0.8 4.6 ± 0.4 0.63 5.4 ± 0.8 6.0 ± 1.0 <0.001 6.8 ± 0.7 7.8 ± 0.9 <0.001
 Elastic modulus (mmHg) 803 ± 463 877 ± 599 0.45 484 ± 198 519 ± 194 0.70 725 ± 367 723 ± 366 0.98 1146 ± 547 1386 ± 803 0.32
  β Index 2.25 ± 0.19 2.21 ± 0.18 0.26 2.33 ± 0.17 2.37 ± 0.17 0.66 2.27 ± 0.18 2.20 ± 0.17 0.09 2.09 ± 0.16 2.11 ± 0.16 0.86
Regional arterial stiffness                        
Carotid-femoral PWV (m/s) 4.9 ± 0.9 5.3 ± 1.1 0.05 4.5 ± 0.7 4.4 ± 0.6 0.88 4.7 ± 0.6 4.8 ± 0.6 0.21 5.6 ± 0.9 6.6 ± 1.0 <0.001
βPWV Index 0.62 ± 0.17 0.72 ± 0.26 0.01 0.56 ± 0.15 0.58 ± 0.17 0.74 0.57 ± 0.12 0.63 ± 0.15 0.10 0.75 ± 0.21 1.01 ± 0.26 0.01
Carotid-radial PWV (m/s) 7.5 ± 1.1 7.8 ± 1.2 0.17 7.5 ± 1.1 7.8 ± 1.5 0.65 7.4 ± 1.2 7.6 ± 1.2 0.44 7.9 ± 1.0 8.7 ± 1.2 0.07

Data expressed as mean value (M) ± standard deviation (SD). SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; PP, pulse pressure; PWV, pulse wave velocity.