Figure 2.

Rapid choline pulse selectively modulates amino acid receptors in cultured hippocampal neurons. Stable muscimol-evoked (10 μmol/L for 1 s) currents or NMDA-induced currents (100 μmol/L for 5 s) were elicited at 120-s intervals and blocked by the GABA_A receptor antagonist, bicuculline (A), or the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 (B), respectively. Sample responses to muscimol (C), NMDA (D), glycine (E) and AMPA (F) were obtained before and after a 1-s choline pulse (10 mmol/L) at different intervals. (G) Compiled results show the time course of recovery for muscimol- (n=8 cells), NMDA- (n=8 cells), glycine- (n=6 cells) or AMPA- (n=6 cells) induced responses after the choline pulse. Data are shown as the mean±SEM. ^bP<0.05, ^cP<0.01 vs control that was induced by a corresponding agonist, one-way ANOVA, LSD post hoc test. Cho, choline; Mus, muscimol; Gly, glycine. Holding potential was −80 mV.