Table 1.
Characteristics of women enrolled before and after IPT
| Primigravidae | Multigravidae | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Before (2001–2004) | After (2008–2013) | P value | Before (2001–2004) | After (2008–2013) | P value | |
| No. of women | 18 | 37 | 74 | 110 | ||
| Age in years (mean ± SD) | 18.1 ± 2.3 | 19.9 ± 5.9 | 0.21 | 27.2 ± 6.4 | 26.5 ± 6.8 | 0.54 |
| Gravidity (mean ± SD) | 1 | 1 | 3.8 ± 2.4 | 3.6 ± 2.2 | 0.58 | |
| Secundigravidae (%) | 16.0% | 23.6% | 0.27 | |||
| Gravidity 3–5 (%) | 51.4% | 45.5% | 0.46 | |||
| Gravidity 6–13 (%) | 32.4% | 30.9% | 0.87 | |||
| Peripheral malaria positive at enrollment by blood smear | 69% | 45% | 0.19 | 31% | 22% | 0.33 |
| Weeks enrolled in the study (mean ± SD) | 19.6 ± 6 | 17.1 ± 7 | 0.7 | 22.2 ± 7 | 19.2 ± 7 | 0.6 |
| Weeks on IPT (mean ± SD) | 0 | 12.1 ± 6.7 | 0 | 12.8 ± 6.3 | ||
| No. of SP doses (mean ± SD) | 0 | 1.7 ± 0.8 | 0 | 1.8 ± 0.6 | ||
| Prevalence of women who used bed nets | 0 | 66% | 0 | 69% | ||
| Peripheral blood smear positive at least one time during the study | 77% | 60% | 0.32 | 68% | 36% | 0.0046 |
| Peripheral blood smear positive more than once during the study | 69% | 26% | 0.0085 | 39% | 9% | 0.0003 |
| Peripheral blood smear malaria positive at delivery* | 35% (N = 17) | 25% (N = 16) | 0.71 | 22% (N = 72) | 4% (N = 45) | 0.009 |
| Percent placental malaria positive at delivery by impression smears* | 75% (N = 12) | 25% (N = 16) | 0.02 | 52% (N = 65) | 13% (N = 45) | < 0.0001 |
IPT = intermittent preventive treatment; SD = standard deviation; SP = sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine. Bold values in the table represent those that were significant (i.e. P < 0.05).
*
Based on available placental samples (number shown in parentheses).