Table 1.
Summary on studies describing the effect of Giardia lamblia infection on host cell responses.
| Target on host cells | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Gene transcription | ||
| Induction of IL-17 | Protective immune response against G. muris infection in C57BL/6J mice | Dreesen et al., 2014 |
| Induction of IL-6 | Early control of acute G. lamblia infection in C57BL/6J mice | Zhou et al., 2003 |
| Induction of matrix metalloprotease 7 (Mmp7) | Production of mature α-defensins in C57BL/6J mice and control of G. lamblia infection | Tako et al., 2013 |
| Induction of chemokines (CCL2, CCL20, CXCL1, CXCL2, and CXCL3) | Recruitment of host immune cells to the site of infection (?) | Roxström-Lindquist et al., 2005 |
| Induction of stress-induced genes (c-Fos, c-Jun, and IER3) | Regulation of cell stress during G. lamblia infections in Caco-2 cells (?) | Roxström-Lindquist et al., 2005 |
| Reduction of cell proliferation genes (G0S2, PCNA, ORC5L, MCM2, MCM3) | Response to NO production in Caco-2 cells infected with G. lamblia | Roxström-Lindquist et al., 2005 |
| Cell viability | ||
| Activation of caspase-3-dependent apoptosis | Assembled-specific induction of apoptosis by G. lamblia-infected HCT-8 cells and strain-dependent apoptosis of human duodenal epithelial cell line | Chin et al., 2002; Koh et al., 2013 |
| Activation of caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9-dependent apoptosis | Activation of both the intrinsic and the extrinsic apoptotic pathways of HCT-8 cells infected with G. lamblia | Panaro et al., 2007 |
| Activation of sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter (SGLT)-1 | Protection against G. lamblia-induced apoptosis in Caco-2 cell cultured in high glucose media | Yu et al., 2008 |
| TJs and cytoskeleton | ||
| Disruption of ZO-1 | Increased permeability in HCT-8 and human duodenal epithelial cell line infected with G. lamblia | Buret et al., 2002; Chin et al., 2002; Koh et al., 2013 |
| Reduced claudin-1 expression | Decreased absorption, increased ion secretion and villous shortening in duodenal biopsies from G. lamblia infected patients | Troeger et al., 2007 |
| Relocation of claudin-1 and F-actin retraction | Increased paracellular permeability and microvilli atrophy in G. lamblia-infected Caco-2 cells | Maia-Brigagão et al., 2012 |
| F-actin condensation and loss of perijunctional α-actinin | Increased permeability of Caco-2 and non-transformed human epithelial cell line (SCBN) infected with G. lamblia | Teoh et al., 2000 |
| F-actin and ZO-1 reorganization | Myosin-light chain kinase (MLCK)-dependent increased cell permeability in G. lamblia infections | Scott et al., 2002 |