Table 3.
Summary on studies describing the effect of Entamoeba histolytica infection on host cell responses.
| Target on host cells | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Gene transcription | ||
| Induction of cytokines (GROα, GM-CSF, IL-6, IL-8, IL-1α, and IL-1β) | Control of inflammation in E. histolytica-infected human cells (HeLa, HT29, and T84) and mouse-human intestinal xenografts | Eckmann et al., 1995; Seydel et al., 1997, 1998a |
| Induction of REG1A and REG1B | Inhibition of parasite-induced apoptosis in colonic biopsies of E. histolytica-infected patients | Peterson et al., 2011 |
| Cell viability | ||
| Activation of caspase-3 signaling pathway | Induction of caspase-8 and caspase-9 independent apoptosis of Jurkat cells | Huston et al., 2003 |
| Induction of “apoptosis-like” mechanisms | Death of hepatocytes in Fas and TNF-α independent pathways | Seydel and Stanley, 1998 |
| Dephosphorylation of host cell proteins by PTPs | Induction of calcium-dependent calpain protease and apoptosis of E. histolytica-infected Jurkat cells | Teixeira and Mann, 2002 |
| Activation of calpain | Cell death of HT-29 and Jurkat cells infected with E. histolytica and modulation of STAT proteins and NF-κB DNA fragmentation | Kim et al., 2007, 2014; Jang et al., 2011 |
| Activation of NADPH-oxidase | Induction of ERK1/2 pathways and ROS-dependent apoptosis of human neutrophils infected with E. histolytica | Sim et al., 2005, 2007 |
| Activation of NOX1 oxidase | Production of ROS and caspase-independent apoptosis of Caco-2 and HT-29 cells infected with E. histolytica | Kim et al., 2011, 2013 |
| Activation of PI-3-K | ROS-mediated neutrophil apoptosis induced by E. histolytica | Sim et al., 2007 |
| Ingestion of host cell membrane fragments by trophozoites | Elevation of intracellular Ca2+ and death of cells by trogocytosis | Ralston et al., 2014 |
| TJs and cytoskeleton | ||
| Trophozoite interaction with polarized cells | Reduction in transepithelial resistance and increased mannitol flux in E. histolytica-infected Caco-2 and T84 cells | Li et al., 1994; Leroy et al., 2000 |
| Degradation of ZO-1, release of ZO-1 from ZO-2, and dephosphorylation of ZO-2 | Reduction in transepithelial resistance and increased mannitol flux in E. histolytica-infected T84 cells | Leroy et al., 2000 |
| Relocalization of claudin-4 | Increased sodium ion permeability in amoeba infected T84 cells | Lejeune et al., 2011 |
| Secretion of an “occludin-like” molecule by trophozoites | Disruption of epithelial barrier and reduction in transepithelial resistance in E. histolytica-infected T84 cells | Goplen et al., 2013 |