Table 1.
Description of Outcome Measures
| Instrument | Construct | Description |
| Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System (D–KEFS) Trail Making subtest (Condition 4) | Cognitive function (executive function) | The D–KEFS is a standardized executive function battery with subtests to assess 9 components of executive function, all of which have adequate test–retest reliability and internal consistency. For the purposes of this study, Condition 4 of the Trail Making subtest was used as a gross measure of executive function. It assesses visual–motor skills, visual scanning abilities, number and letter sequencing, and cognitive flexibility. |
| Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) | Upper-extremity function | The ARAT measures upper-extremity impairment and activity limitation by assessing upper-extremity capacity. It has 19 items with four subscales: Grasp, Grip, Pinch, and Gross Movement. |
| Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) | Health status | The SIS is a self-report measure to evaluate the impact that stroke has had on a participant’s function. The following domains were evaluated in this study: Strength, Hand Function, Mobility, Activities of Daily Living, Memory, Emotion, Recovery, and Communication. The Participation domain was not evaluated because it was previously reported on. |
| Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) | Self-reported occupational performance: trained and untrained goals | The COPM is a standardized instrument for eliciting performance issues from the client's perspective and for capturing perceived changes in performance over time. The COPM was used to elicit 4–6 participant-selected goals and to rate self-perceived performance and performance satisfaction for each goal on a 10-point scale for each participant. |
| Performance Quality Rating Scale (PQRS) | Objective rating of performance of COPM goals | The PQRS rates the video-recorded performance of participant-selected activities on a 10-point scale (ranging from 1 = can’t do the skill at all to 10 = does the skill very well ). The activities performed and video recorded are determined using the COPM, and most, but not all, goals selected by participants are amenable to video recording. |
Note. From “Combined Cognitive-Strategy and Task-Specific Training Improve Transfer to Untrained Activities in Subacute Stroke: An Exploratory Randomized Controlled Trial,” by S. McEwen, H. Polatajko, C. Baum, J. Rios, D. Cirone, M. Doherty, & T. Wolf, 2015, in Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 29, 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1545968314558602. Copyright © 2015 by the American Society of Neurorehabilitation. Adapted with permission.