Table 1.
Socio-demographics of the included pregnant women by residence, Al Hassa, Saudi Arabia
| Characteristics | Total (N=872) | Residence: No. (%) |
P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rural (N=419) | Urban (N=453) | |||
| Age (years): mean (SD): | 29.7(8.4) | 29.4(8.9) | 29.9(8.5) | 0.387† |
| Age groups: | 0.806! | |||
| <20 years | 79(9.1) | 44(9.7) | 35(8.4) | |
| ≥20 & <30 | 165(39.4) | 184(40.6) | 349(40.0) | |
| ≥30 & <40 | 148(35.3) | 148(32.7) | 296(33.9) | |
| ≥40 | 71(16.9) | 77(17.0) | 148(17.0) | |
| Educational status: | 0.001 | |||
| Illiterate-Read and write | 65(15.5) | 39(8.6) | 104(11.9) | |
| < Secondary | 75(17.9) | 45(9.9) | 120(13.8) | |
| Secondary | 156(37.2) | 212(46.8) | 368(42.2) | |
| College or higher | 123(29.4) | 157(34.6) | 280(32.1) | |
| Family income in Saudi Riyals: | 0.002 | |||
| <3000 | 97(23.2) | 52(11.4) | 149(17.1) | |
| ≥3000 & <6000 | 126(30.1) | 130(28.7) | 256(29.4) | |
| ≥6000 & <10000 | 112(26.7) | 154(34.0) | 266(30.5) | |
| ≥10000 | 84(20.0) | 117(25.8) | 201(23.1) | |
| Working status: | 0.089 | |||
| Housewife | 284(67.8) | 287(63.4) | 571(65.5) | |
| Students | 37(8.8) | 61(13.5) | 98(11.2) | |
| In Paid employment | 98(23.4) | 105(23.2) | 203(23.3) | |
| Parity | 0.065 | |||
| 1−3 | 184(43.9) | 214(47.2) | 398(45.6) | |
| >3 & <8 | 195(46.5) | 174(38.4) | 369(42.4) | |
| ≥ 8 | 44(10.5) | 61(13.4) | 105(12.0) | |
| Duration of pregnancy: | 0.251 | |||
| 1st trimester | 188(44.9) | 211(46.6) | 399(45.8) | |
| 2nd trimester | 178(42.5) | 171(37.7) | 349(40.0) | |
| 3rd trimester | 53(12.6) | 71(15.7) | 124(16.2) | |
| Gravidity: | 0.011 | |||
| Primigravidae | 126(30.1) | 105(23.2) | 231(26.5) | |
| Multigravidae | 239(69.9) | 348(76.8) | 641(73.5) | |
| Comorbidties *: | ||||
| Hypertension | 23(5.5) | 29(6.4) | 52(6.0) | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 21(5.0) | 27(6.0) | 48(5.5) | |
| Bronchial asthma | 25(6.0) | 29(6.4) | 54(6.2) | |
| Hemolytic blood diseases (sickle-thalassemia) | 26(6.2) | 8(1.8) | 34(3.9) | |
| More than one comorbidities | 18(4.3) | 19(4.2) | 37(4.2) | |
| Others ‡ | 28(6.7) | 43(9.5) | 71(8.1) | |
| Previous unfavorable obstetric outcomes: | 0.160 | |||
| None | 298(71.1) | 295(65.1) | 593(68.0) | |
| One abortion or intra-uterine foetal deaths (IUFD) | 88(21.0) | 117(25.8) | 205(23.5) | |
| > one abortion or IUFD | 33(7.9) | 41(9.1) | 74(8.5) | |
| Investigated for toxoplasmosis * | 74(17.7) | 50(11.0) | 124(14.2) | 0.006 |
| Diagnosed as having toxoplasmosis * | 19(4.5) | 18(4.0) | 37(4.2) | 0.808 |
| Received treatment for toxoplasmosis * | 16(3.8) | 15(3.3) | 31(3.6) | 0.824 |
SD=standard deviation,
!
Chi-square,
†
t-test.
*
Based on reviewing of patients’ records.
‡
Includes nutritional anemia (32 cases), undernutrition (18), epilepsy (2), valvular heart disease (2 cases), joints problems (5 cases), and urinary and other infections (12 cases).