Table 2.
Risk factors for mortality among TB patients receiving drug susceptibility testing from treatment start to the end of TB treatment, the Thailand TB Active Surveillance Network, Oct 2004- Dec 2008
| Factors | Died/Total n(%) | ¶HR (95% CI‡) | Adjusted HR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Type of TB registration | |||
| New cases | 816/8790 (9.3) | Referent | NS |
| Retreatment cases | 97/728 (13.3) | 1.3 (1.0-1.6) | |
| Type of pulmonary TB | |||
| Smear-positive | 834/8535 (9.8) | Referent | NS |
| Smear-negative | 7/83 (8.0) | 0.8 (0.7-1.0) | |
| Age (years) | |||
| 15-44 | 338/5073 (6.7) | Referent | Referent |
| 0-14 | 5/77 (6.5) | 1.0 (0.4-2.4) | 1.2 (0.5-2.) |
| 45-64 | 272/2913 (9.3) | 1.4 (1.2-1.7) | 2.1 (1.8-2.5)* |
| ≥65 | 298/1448 (20.6) | 3.4 (2.-4.0) | 5.6 (4.6-6.8)* |
| Sex | |||
| Female | 261/2980 (8.8) | Referent | NS |
| Male | 652/6538 (10.0) | 1.1 (1.0-1.3) | |
| Nationality | |||
| Non-Thai | 26/96 (2.6) | Referent | Referent |
| Thai | 887/8522 (10.4) | 3.7 (2.5-5.5) | 3.4 (2.3-5.1)* |
| Marital status | |||
| Married | 492/5634 (8.7) | Referent | NS |
| Non-married | 414/3642 (11.4) | 1.3 (1.2-1.5) | |
| Unknown/missing | 7/242 (2.9) | 0.3 (0.2-0.7) | |
| Mobile population§ | |||
| Mobile | 127/1761 (7.2) | Referent | NS |
| Non-mobile | 768/7460 (10.3) | 1.4 (1.2-1.8) | |
| Unknown/missing | 18/297 (6.1) | 0.8 (0.5-1.4) | |
| Had been treated with isoniazid preventive therapy | |||
| Yes | 19/185 (10.3) | Referent | NS |
| No | 878/9139 (9.6) | 0.9 (0.4-1.7) | |
| Unknown/missing | 16/194 (8.2) | 1.0 (0.6-1.6) | |
| Cough lasting > 2 weeks at time of diagnosis | |||
| Yes | 598/6847 (8.7) | Referent | NS |
| No | 290/2438 (11.9) | 1.3 (0.9-1.9) | |
| Unknown/missing | 25/233 (10.7) | 1.0 (0.6-1.6) | |
| Had used injection drugs | |||
| No | 847/8747 (9.7) | Referent | NS |
| Yes | 35/236 (14.8) | 0.6 (0.9-1.9) | |
| Unknown/missing | 31/535 (5.8) | 1.5 (1.2-1.6) | |
| Previously in prison | |||
| No | 857/9115 (9.4) | Referent | NS |
| Yes | 37/268 (13.8) | 1.5 (1.0-2.4) | |
| Unknown/missing | 19/135 (14.1) | 1.4 (1.0-2.0) | |
| Living in migrant labor camp | |||
| In camp | 9/336 (2.7) | Referent | NS |
| Not in camp | 876/8879 (9.9) | 3.4 (1.6-7.2) | |
| Unknown/missing | 28/303 (9.2) | 3.7 (1.-7.2) | |
| Diabetes mellitus | |||
| Diabetes | 43/614 (7.0) | Referent | Referent |
| No diabetes | 822/8279 (9.9) | 1.5 (1.1-2.0) | 1.5 (1.1-2.0)* |
| Unknown/missing | 28/625 (7.7) | 1.1 (0.7-1.7) | 1.1 (0.7-1.8) |
| HIV and ART status | |||
| Negative | 458/7032 (6.5) | Referent | Referent |
| Positive with ART | 76/752 (10.1) | 1.4 (1.1-1.7) | 1.9 (1.5-2.5)* |
| Positive without ART | 256/931 (27.5) | 4.8 (4.1-5.5) | 8.1 (6.8-9.8)* |
| Unknown/missing | 123/803 (15.3) | 2.6 (2.1-3.3) | 2.3 (1.9-2.9)* |
| Chest radiograph | |||
| Normal | 7/145 (4.8) | Referent | Referent |
| Cavity disease | 170/2623 (6.5) | 1.4 (0.7-3.0) | 1.7 (0.8-3.7) |
| Abnormal, no cavity | 629/6015 (10.5) | 2.3 (1.1-4.9) | 2.1 (1.0-4.5) |
| Missing/not performed | 107/735 (14.6) | 3.4 (1.6-7.4) | 2.8 (1.3-5.9) |
| Initial treatment prescribed | |||
| CAT I (2HRZE/4HR) | 832/8812 (9.4) | Referent | NS |
| Other regimens | 81/706 (11.5) | 1.1 (0.8-1.3) | |
| Treatment observer | |||
| Others/Self-administered | 73/1167 (6.3) | Referent | Referent |
| Healthcare worker | 224/2640 (8.5) | 1.3 (1.0-1.7) | 1.3 (0.-1.7) |
| Family | 616/5711 (10.8) | 1.7 (1.4-2.2) | 1.4 (1.1-1.8) |
| Site | |||
| BMA | 102/2019 (5.1) | Referent | Referent |
| Infectious Disease Institute | 62/395 (15.7) | 3.2 (2.3-4.3) | 2.2 (1.6-3.1)* |
| Ubon Ratchathani | 227/2508 (9.1) | 1.9 (1.5-2.4) | 1.6 (1.3-2.1)* |
| Chiang Rai | 38/2946 (13.2) | 3.0 (2.4-3.7) | 2.9 (2.3-3.6)* |
| Phuket | 93/1048 (8.9) | 1.8 (1.3-2.4) | 2.4 (1.7-3.2)* |
| Tak | 40/602 (6.6) | 1.4 (1.0-2.0) | 2.6 (1.8-3.8)* |
| Drug susceptibility testing patterns | |||
| Pan-susceptible | 690/7684 (9.0) | Referent | Referent |
| Ethambutol/streptomycin resistance | 71/785 (9.0) | 0.9 (0.7-1.2) | 1.0 (0.8-1.3) |
| Rifampicin resistance | 65/358 (18.2) | 1.8 (1.4-2.3) | 1.9 (1.5-2.5)* |
| Isoniazid monoresistance | 87/691 (12.6) | 1.4 (1.1-1.7) | 1.4 (1.1-1.7)* |
¶
HR= Hazard ratio
‡
95% CI= 95% confidence interval
*
P-value < 0.05
§
Mobile was defined as not living in the same district for at least three of the past six months.
H= isoniazid, R= rifampicin, Z= pyrazinamide, E= ethambutol, S= streptomycin