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. 2015 Oct 25;3(6):e00180. doi: 10.1002/prp2.180

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© 2015 The Authors. Pharmacology Research & Perspectives published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd, British Pharmacological Society and American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial‐NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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Beta regression accounting for gender, age, caffeine intake, and regular exercise was performed for each day of analysis. Bars represent the average beta regression value of aggressiveness. Day 0 (gray) showed no significant difference in any treatments with no factor having a significant effect. Day 1 (blue) showed a significant decrease in aggressiveness after 100 μmol/L caffeine treatment (P = 0.0428), but addition of PKA inhibitor reversed this effect (P = 0.496). Day 3 (green) showed significant decreases in aggressiveness when treated with both 100 μmol/L caffeine (P = 0.012) and 750 μmol/L caffeine (P = 0.019). Addition of PKA inhibitor reversed this suppression in both concentrations (P = 0.92 and 0.509, respectively). n = 11.