Table 4. Results of univariate and the multivariate logistic regression analysis for parasitic infection in a cross-sectional survey done in late 2013 in Kampala§.
| Intestinal parasitic infection | Univariate logistic regression* | Multivariate logistic regression** | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 915 / N(cases) = 530 | OR | 95% CI | p-value | aOR | 95% CI | p-value | ||||
| Exposure group*** | com comparison | 1.00 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| com exposed | 1.39 | 0.99 | 1.96 | 0.061 | 1.33 | 0.88 | 2.01 | 0.173 | ||
| farmer | 3.88 | 2.69 | 5.62 | <0.001 | 3.61 | 2.22 | 5.88 | <0.001 | ||
| worker fs | 0.68 | 0.39 | 1.16 | 0.163 | 0.61 | 0.32 | 1.16 | 0.131 | ||
| worker ww | 0.87 | 0.46 | 1.66 | 0.672 | 0.82 | 0.38 | 1.79 | 0.624 | ||
| Sex | Male | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Female | 0.79 | 0.61 | 1.03 | 0.081 | 0.75 | 0.53 | 1.06 | 0.101 | ||
| Age | 1.01 | 1.00 | 1.02 | 0.126 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 1.01 | 0.741 | ||
| Education | Never went to school | 1.00 | 0.023 | |||||||
| Primary | 0.19 | 1.33 | 0.576 | 0.76 | 0.48 | 1.22 | 0.262 | |||
| Higher education | 0.64 | 0.42 | 0.96 | 0.031 | 0.87 | 0.54 | 1.41 | 0.587 | ||
| Socioeconomic status | Most poor | 1.00 | <0.001 | |||||||
| Poor | 0.61 | 0.44 | 0.84 | <0.001 | 0.76 | 0.53 | 1.09 | 0.139 | ||
| Less poor | 0.59 | 0.43 | 0.82 | <0.001 | 0.95 | 0.63 | 1.43 | 0.813 | ||
| Number of people per household | Single | 1.00 | 0.097 | |||||||
| 2–4 | 1.28 | 0.85 | 1.93 | 0.245 | 1.33 | 0.83 | 2.05 | 0.252 | ||
| > 4 | 1.55 | 1.01 | 2.39 | 0.051 | 1.43 | 0.87 | 2.35 | 0.161 | ||
| Toilet facility | Flush toilet | 1.00 | 0.010 | |||||||
| Pit latrine | 1.61 | 0.91 | 2.85 | 0.112 | 1.79 | 0.93 | 3.43 | 0.082 | ||
| No facility | 2.61 | 1.32 | 5.18 | <0.001 | 1.43 | 0.63 | 3.23 | 0.394 | ||
| Toilet sharing | Private toilet | 1.00 | 0.012 | |||||||
| 2 and 3 households | 0.77 | 0.55 | 1.07 | 0.121 | 0.87 | 0.64 | 1.27 | 0.481 | ||
| ≥ 4 households | 1.19 | 0.85 | 1.67 | 0.314 | 1.14 | 0.75 | 1.74 | 0.542 | ||
| Flooding of living area | No | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Yes | 1.99 | 1.49 | 2.66 | <0.001 | 1.02 | 0.68 | 1.53 | 0.911 | ||
| Source of drinking water | Bottle, tap, rain water | 1.00 | 0.101 | |||||||
| Spring | 1.33 | 1.00 | 1.76 | 0.055 | 0.25 | 0.12 | 1.61 | 0.611 | ||
| Other | 1.30 | 0.77 | 2.23 | 0.322 | 0.95 | 0.48 | 1.86 | 0.884 | ||
| Source of bath water | Tap, rain water | 1.00 | 0.053 | |||||||
| Spring | 1.35 | 1.02 | 1.82 | 0.041 | 1.06 | 0.65 | 1.73 | 0.817 | ||
| Unprotected | 1.44 | 0.91 | 2.29 | 0.121 | 1.16 | 0.64 | 2.09 | 0.632 | ||
| Bathing per week | < 7 | 1.00 | 0.062 | |||||||
| 7–13 | 0.86 | 0.48 | 1.56 | 0.626 | 1.22 | 0.62 | 2.31 | 0.613 | ||
| ≥ 14 | 0.65 | 0.36 | 1.16 | 0.151 | 1.05 | 0.53 | 2.09 | 0.892 | ||
| Hand washing | After defecation | No | 1.00 | |||||||
| Yes | 0.92 | 0.69 | 1.22 | 0.562 | ||||||
| After work | No | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Yes | 1.22 | 0.94 | 1.59 | 0.133 | 1.02 | 0.75 | 1.38 | 0.921 | ||
| Before eating | No | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Yes | 1.29 | 0.92 | 1.83 | 0.141 | 1.25 | 0.86 | 1.82 | 0.253 | ||
| Hand washing per week | < 4 | 1.00 | 0.045 | |||||||
| 4–7 | 0.87 | 0.63 | 1.19 | 0.383 | 0.91 | 0.64 | 1.28 | 0.582 | ||
| ≥ 8 | 0.62 | 0.42 | 0.93 | 0.010 | 0.75 | 0.49 | 1.16 | 0.212 | ||
| Use soap to wash your hand | No | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Yes | 0.96 | 0.70 | 1.31 | 0.715 | 0.91 | 0.65 | 1.33 | 0.711 | ||
| Deworming (month) | < 6 | 1.00 | 0.991 | |||||||
| 6–12 | 1.05 | 0.70 | 1.59 | 0.832 | ||||||
| > 12 | 1.00 | 0.74 | 1.34 | 0.982 | ||||||
§Parasitic infection include: Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, hookworm, Schistosoma mansoni, and any intestinal protozoa.
*p-value and odds ratio (OR) based on likelihood ratio test of univariate logistic regression, overall p-value of the models are indicated in bold letters.
** p-value and adjusted
(a) OR based on likelihood ratio test of the multivariate regression model. The multivariate model was defined including exposure groups, sex, age, educational attainment, socioeconomic status, and number of people per household. In addition, all risk factors that had a p-value lower than 0.2 in the univariate analyses were included into the multivariate regression analysis (as indicated in the table).
*** exposure groups: com exposed, slum dwellers at risk of flooding along the Nakivubo wetland; com comparison, slum dwellers without risk of flooding at least 2 km away from the Nakivubo wetland; farmer, urban farmers reusing wastewater within the Nakivubo wetland; worker ww, workers maintaining drainage channels and operating the Bugolobi Sewage Treatment Works; worker fs, workers managing fecal sludge (e.g., collection at households by means of vacuum trucks).