Table 3. Evolution history of Leishmania, sandfly, and reservoir over the time along the geographical evolution of the Earth.
| Geographical time (MYA: Million Years Ago) | PALEOZOIC | MESOZOIC | CAENOZOIC | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PRECAMBRIAN (>544) | CAMBRIAN (544–505) | ORDOVICIAN (505–440) | SILURIAN (440–410) | DEVONIAN (410–360) | CARBONIFEROUS (360–286) | PERMIAN (286–245) | TRIASSIC (245–208) | JURASSIC (208–146) | CRETACEOUS (146–65) | PALAEOCENE (65–55) | EOCENE (55–38) | OLIGOCENE (38–25) | MIOCENE (25–5) | PLIOCENE (5–2.5) | PLEISTOCENE (2.5MYA-12TYA) | HOLOCENE (12TYA until now) | |
| GEOGRAPHICAL EVENTS | Emergence of Atlas Mountains | Melting of the large glacial formations Emergence of the Land Plants |
Continents joined (Pangea) | Seperation of the continents (235) | Separation of Gondwana from Pangea (180) Separation of Laurasia from Gondwana (180) Formation of Andes Mountains (200) |
Separation of Africa and South America Formation of Bering straits Emergence of Rocky Mountains (70) |
Formation of McKinley (Denali) Mountains (56) | Histricomorpha of Neotropics Emergence of Alps Mountains (50) Emergence of Himalayas Mountains (40) |
Separation of Africa and Saudi Arabia plate Breaking the Bering land bridge |
Cooling of the North Pacific | Formation of Panamamian Isthmus and physical unification between Nearctic and Neotropic | GlaciationsCooling and drying the earth (1.5–2.5) Emergence of Kilimanjaro mountain (750 TYA) |
Warming trend of the earth (600–900) | ||||
| LEISHMANIA sp. | Emergence of Protozoa (750) | Emergence of eukaryote supergroup Excavata Appearence of the descendant of Leishmania |
Emergence of the first digenetic protozoa, ancestor of other Trypanosoma, not Leishmania | Emergence of Trypanasomes (300) | Division of Trypanosomatidae following the evolution of Diptera (vector of Leishmania) | First digenetic protozoa, a possible ancestor of Leishmania | First Leishmania decendent in a reptile host, Evolving of Sauroleishmania from other genera of Leishmania First fossil of the genus Leishmania (Paleoleishmania proterus) (Burmese amber) (100) Divergence of Old World and New World Leishmania(90) Dixenous life cycle of Leishmania (85) |
Distribution of Leishmania species after rodents’ emergence during Paleocene (after emergence of primitive mammals) | Predecessor of L. donovani group and L. major evolved from South America (36–46) Complete life cycle of Leishmaia (50) |
Leishmania migration from Palearctic to Nearctic or inversly based on the hypotheses of Palearctic or Nearctic origin of Leishmania Adaptation of Sauroleishmania to the lizards Paleoleishmania neotropicum (Dominican amber) (20) Diverging the ancestor of L. donovani from other Leishmania species (14–24) |
Dispersion of Leishmania into or out of the Neotropic region throught the Panamamian Isthmus | Divergence of L. donovani from L. infantum (1) Origination of L. chagasi from L. infantum in South America (500) |
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| SANDFLY | Emergence of the first Arthropodes (550) | Dispensation of the Arthropodes | Emergence of Parainsecta (408) | Emergence of Insects (360) First winged insect (300) |
Emergence of Diptera (286) Earliest Psychodids |
Emergence of Phlebotominae, common ancestor of the Old and New World sandfliesDifferentiation of the tribes Hertigiini and Phlebotomini | Emergence of Psychodids First record of the presence of the true sandflies (180) Separation of Old World and New World sandflies (200) |
First hematophagus winged insect, ancestor of Phlebotomus, Sergentomyia, Lutzomyia (140) Phlebotomites longifilis, P. brevifilis, Mesophlebotomites hennigi, and Libanophlebotomus lutfallahi, fossil records from Lebanon amber (120) Palaeomyia burmitis (Burmese amber) (100) Emegence of the ancestor of Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia in the Palaearctic region |
Emergence of the genus Phlebotomus Phlebotomiella/Sergentomyia succini (Baltic amber) |
Separation of Lutzomyia and Phlebotomus genera |
P. (Phlebotomiella) tipuliformis (Baltic amber) (20) Lutzomyia (Helcocyrtomyia) paterna (Mexican amber) (20) Lutzomyia adiketis (Dominican amber) (20) Pintomyia falcaorum (Dominican amber) (20) Phlebotomus pungens (Jordanian amber) |
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| RESERVOIR | Emergence of Animalia kingdom (700) | Emergence of Reptiles (285) | Emergence of Mammals (210) | Emergence of Lizards | Emergence of Marsupials (Opossums) Spread of Leishmania into the Neartic by primitive mammals through the Bering Strait |
Placental mammals Primates (60) Rodents (55) Xenarthrans (55) |
Emergence of the sloths | Emergence of Rodents (25) Emergence of Canides (dogs) Emergence of Caviomorph rodents (25) |
Spread of the Leishmania from Palearctic to the New World, probably by an infected rodent Sigmodontinae (Cricetids) (20) |
Emergence of Human being, genus Homo (3) | Homo sapiens (200 TYA) | ||||||