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. 2016 Feb 3;48(4):1608–1616. doi: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3373

Figure 6.

Figure 6

Timeline of the effects of Scrophularia orientalis extracts on neuroblastoma (NB) cells. Scrophularia orientalis extract is applied to NB cells at t=0 h. Within 40 sec (A), Fura 2AM measurements showed a rapid increase in intracellular-free calcium levels. Within 200 sec, confocal images showed an increase in intracellular calcium and loss of ER calcium (B), in the presence of external calcium. In the absence of external calcium, the ER calcium is still depleted but the rise in intracellular calcium is less than that observed in the presence of external calcium. At 4 h, elevated intracellular calcium is sustained (C). At 24 h, elevated intracellular calcium is sustained, and the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore is observed (D) (loss of calcein AM staining in the mitochondria). Within 48 h, cleavage of caspase and PARP are observed (E). However, there are no changes in cell cycle proteins.