Table 3.
Univariate and multivariable analyses examining factors associated with chronica opioid prescription
| Factor | Chronic Opioid Prescription | Univariate analysis | Multivariable analysisb | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| Yes N=253 |
No N=1,221 |
Unadjusted OR (95% CI) |
p-value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
p-value | |
|
|
||||||
| n (%) | n (%) | |||||
|
|
||||||
| Age, years | ||||||
| ≥50 | 116 (45.8) | 396 (32.4) | 1.8 (1.3 – 2.3) | <0.001** | 1.5 (1.1 – 2.1) | 0.001** |
| <50* | 137 (54.2) | 825 (67.6) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Gender | ||||||
| Female | 67 (26.5) | 245 (20.1) | 1.4 (1.1 – 2.0) | 0.02** | 1.2 (0.8 – 1.7) | 0.40 |
| Male* | 186 (73.5) | 976 (79.9) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Race | ||||||
| White | 133 (52.8) | 561 (46.3) | 1.3 (1.0 – 1.7) | 0.06 | 1.2 (0.9 – 1.7) | 0.18 |
| Non-White* | 119 (47.2) | 650 (53.7) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Health insurance | ||||||
| Public | 113 (44.7) | 258 (21.1) | 3.4 (2.4 – 4.8) | <0.001** | 2.1 (1.5 – 3.1) | <0.0001** |
| Uninsured | 73 (28.8) | 444 (36.4) | 1.3 (0.9-1.8) | 0.18 | 1.1 (0.7 – 1.7) | 0.59 |
| Private* | 67 (26.5) | 519 (42.5) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| CD4 (cells/μL) | ||||||
| ≥200 | 224 (89.2) | 1081 (90.0) | 0.9 (0.6 – 1.4) | 0.71 | -- | -- |
| <200* | 27 (10.8) | 120 (10.0) | 1.0 | |||
| Viral load (copies/mL) | ||||||
| ≥200 | 38 (15.1) | 158 (13.1) | 1.2 (0.8 – 1.7) | 0.39 | -- | -- |
| <200* | 214 (84.9) | 1052 (86.9) | 1.0 | |||
| Substance usec | ||||||
| Current | 24 (9.5) | 81 (6.6) | 1.5 (0.9 – 2.5) | 0.09 | 1.4 (0.8-2.4) | 0.22 |
| Unknown | 20 (7.9) | 67 (5.5) | 1.5 (0.9 – 2.6) | 0.11 | 1.5 (0.6-3.7) | 0.37 |
| Prior/never* | 209 (82.6) | 1073 (87.9) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Depressiond and/or Anxiety/Panice |
||||||
| Both | 46 (18.2) | 86 (7.0) | 3.8 (2.5 – 5.7) | <0.001** | 1.8 (1.1 – 2.8) | 0.01** |
| Depression only | 27 (10.7) | 67 (5.5) | 2.9 (1.8 – 4.6) | <0.001** | 1.5 (0.9 – 2.5) | 0.16 |
| Anxiety/Panic only | 34 (13.4) | 137 (11.2) | 1.8 (1.2 – 2.7) | 0.01** | 1.1 (0.7 – 1.7) | 0.71 |
| Unknown | 25 (9.9) | 72 (5.9) | 2.5 (1.5 – 4.0) | <0.001** | 1.9 (1.0 – 3.6) | 0.04** |
| Neither* | 121 (47.8) | 859 (70.4) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Alcohol usef | ||||||
| At risk | 20 (7.9) | 155 (12.7) | 0.6 (0.4-1.0) | 0.04** | 0.6 (0.3 – 1.0) | 0.03 |
| Unknown | 20 (7.9) | 72 (5.9) | 1.3 (0.8-2.2) | 0.33 | 0.7 (0.3 – 1.6) | 0.38 |
| No/low risk* | 213 (84.2) | 994 (81.4) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Paing | ||||||
| Yes (moderate/severe) | 203 (80.2) | 415 (34.0) | 9.9 (6.9 – 14.4) | <0.001** | 7.6 (5.1 – 11.2) | <0.0001** |
| Unknown | 13 (5.2) | 54 (4.4) | 4.9 (2.5 – 9.8) | <0.001** | 2.7 (1.0 – 7.2) | 0.04** |
| No | 37 (14.6) | 752 (61.6) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
NOTE: Univariate and multivariable analyses conducted using logistic regression method.
CI=confidence interval; OR=odds ratio; UAB=University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
Reference category.
Statistically significant at 0.05 level.
Prescription covering ≥ 90 consecutive days as of July 2012.
Multivariable model performance: Hosmer-Lemeshow test p-value=0.72; c-statistics=0.800; Max-rescaled r-square=0.2647.
Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST).
Patient Health Questionnaire-9 instrument (PHQ-9): score ≥10.
Patient Health Questionnaire-5 for Anxiety (PHQ-A) instrument.
Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT-C).
EUROQOL health related quality of life instrument.