Table 4.
Univariate and multivariable analyses examining factors associated with chronica co-prescription of opioids with other sedating medicationsb
| Factor | Co-prescription of sedating medications |
Univariate analysis | Multivariable analysisc | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| Yes N=90 |
No N=1,384 |
Unadjusted OR (95% CI) |
p-value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
p-value | |
|
|
||||||
| n (%) | n (%) | |||||
|
|
||||||
| Age, years | ||||||
| ≥50 | 43 (47.8) | 469 (33.9) | 1.8 (1.2 – 2.7) | 0.01** | 1.3 (0.8 – 2.1) | 0.28 |
| <50* | 47 (52.2) | 915 (66.1) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Gender | ||||||
| Female | 26 (28.9) | 286 (20.7) | 1.6 (1.0 – 2.5) | 0.07 | 1.8 (1.1 – 3.2) | 0.03 |
| Male* | 64 (71.1) | 1098 (79.3) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Race | ||||||
| White | 67 (75.3) | 627 (45.6) | 3.6 (2.2 – 5.9) | <0.001 ** |
4.1 (2.4 – 7.1) | <0.0001** |
| Non-White* | 22 (24.7) | 747 (54.0) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Health insurance | ||||||
| Public | 47 (52.2) | 324 (23.4) | 3.4 (2.0 – 5.7) | <0.001 ** |
1.9 (1.1 – 3.3) | 0.02** |
| Uninsured | 19 (21.1) | 498 (36.0) | 0.9 (0.5 – 1.7) | 0.72 | 0.7 (0.4 – 1.4) | 0.32 |
| Private* | 24 (26.7) | 562 (40.6) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| CD4 (cells/μL) | ||||||
| ≥200 | 81 (92.0) | 1224 (89.7) | 1.3 (0.6 – 2.9) | 0.49 | -- | -- |
| <200* | 7 (8.0) | 140 (10.3) | 1.0 | |||
| Viral load (copies/mL) | ||||||
| ≥200 | 11 (12.4) | 185 (13.5) | 0.9 (0.5 – 1.7) | 0.77 | -- | -- |
| <200* | 78 (87.6) | 1188 (86.5) | 1.0 | |||
| Substance used | ||||||
| Current | 7 (7.8 | 98 (7.1) | 1.1 (0.5-2.5) | 0.79 | 1.2 (0.5-2.9) | 0.69 |
| Unknown | 6 (6.7) | 81 (5.9) | 1.2 (0.5-2.7) | 0.74 | 0.5 (0.1-2.7) | 0.44 |
| Prior/never* | 77 (85.6) | 1205 (87.1) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Depressione and/or Anxiety/Panicf |
||||||
| Both | 22 (24.4) | 110 (8.0) | 5.2 (3.0 – 9.2) | <0.001 ** |
2.7 (1.4 – 5.0) | 0.002** |
| Depression only | 9 (10.0) | 85 (6.1) | 2.8 (1.3 – 6.0) | 0.01** | 1.4 (0.6 – 3.2) | 0.46 |
| Anxiety/Panic only | 13 (14.4) | 158 (11.4) | 2.2 (1.1 – 4.2) | 0.02** | 1.3 (0.6 – 2.6) | 0.50 |
| Unknown | 10 (11.1) | 87 (6.3) | 3.0 (1.4 – 6.3) | 0.003** | 2.5 (1.0 – 6.3) | 0.05** |
| Neither* | 36 (40.0) | 944 (68.2) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Alcohol useg | ||||||
| At risk | 9 (10.0) | 166 (12.0) | 0.8 (0.4 – 1.7) | 0.61 | 0.9 (0.4 – 2.0) | 0.84 |
| Unknown | 7 (7.9) | 85 (6.1) | 1.3 (0.6 – 2.8) | 0.57 | 0.9 (0.2 – 3.9) | 0.89 |
| No/low risk* | 74 (82.2) | 1133 (81.9) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Painh | ||||||
| Yes (moderate/severe) | 76 (84.4) | 542 (39.2) | 13.7 (6.6 – 28.6) |
<0.001 ** |
9.1 (4.2 – 19.7) | <0.0001** |
| Unknown | 6 (6.7) | 61 (4.4) | 9.6 (3.2 – 28.6) |
<0.001 ** |
9.1 (2.1 – 39.7) | 0.003** |
| No | 8 (8.9) | 781 (56.4) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
NOTE: Univariate and multivariable analyses conducted using logistic regression method.
CI=confidence interval; OR=odds ratio; UAB=University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
Reference category.
Statistically significant at 0.05 level.
Prescription covering ≥ 90 consecutive days as of July 2012.
With benzodiazepines and/or muscle relaxants.
Multivariable model performance: Hosmer-Lemeshow test p-value=0.64; c-statistics=0.841; Max-rescaled r-square=0.2584.
Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST).
Patient Health Questionnaire-9 instrument (PHQ-9): score ≥10.
Patient Health Questionnaire-5 for Anxiety (PHQ-A) instrument.
Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT-C).
EUROQOL health related quality of life instrument.