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. 2016 Jan 13;109(4):542–557. doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvw002

Table 2.

CaMKII in AF: summary of human studies

Author Year Species Type of AF Tissue CaMKII Effect
Tessier et al.43 1999 Human Chronic AF RA Increased CaMKIIδ expression CaMKII slowed Ito inactivation; CaMKII inhibition hastened Ito inactivation
Christ et al.93 2004 Human Chronic AF RAA Increased protein expression of the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 2A and phosphatase activity Decreased basal ICaL density in chronic AF
Chelu et al.89 2009 Human Chronic AF RAA Increased CaMKIIδ expression and autophosphorylation Hyperphosphorylation of RyR2
Neef et al.94 2010 Human Unclassified RA Increased CaMKII expression Increased SR Ca2+-leak and diastolic Ca
Increased RyR2 phosphorylation, reversal of SR Ca2+-leak with CaMKII inhibition
Voigt et al.95 2012 Human Chronic AF RAA Increased autophosphorylation of CaMKII Hyperphosphorylation of RyR2
Increased SR Ca2+-leak, diastolic Ca2+, frequency of spontaneous Ca2+ release events Reversal of SR Ca2+-leak and afterdepolarizations with CaMKII inhibition
Purohit et al.66 2013 Human Mixed (paroxysmal, persistent/permanent, and unclassified) RA Increased ox-CaMKII AF patients had more ox-CaMKII compared with patients in sinus rhythm
Greiser et al.91 2014 Human Persistent AF RA No change in CaMKII-dependent RyR2 phosphorylation or CaMKII activity Ca2+ signalling silencing with increased intracellular Ca2+ and no changes in Ca2+ sparks, Ca2+ waves, Ca2+ release, and Ca2+ release instability
Christ et al.96 2014 Human Chronic AF RAA Reduced CaMKII-dependent phosphorylation of PLN but not RyR2 Blunting of agonist-evoked arrhythmias in atrial myocytes from patients with AF compared with those in sinus rhythm
Lenski et al.92 2015 Human Permanent AF LAA Increased p-CaMKII/CaMKII Increased FA uptake
Decreased glucose uptake

Ito, transient outward K+ current; RA, right atrium; RAA, right atrial appendage; LAA, left atrial appendage; FA, fatty acid; ox-CaMKII, oxidized CaMKII; p-CaMKII, phosphorylated CaMKII; SR, sarcoplasmic reticulum; PLN, phospholamban; RyR2, ryanodine type 2 receptor.