Table 2.

Clinical evidence for dietary calcium-sensing receptor activators as antidiarrheals in animals and humans¹

CaSR agonists	Antidiarrheal efficacy	Ref.
Calcium	↑intestinal resistance, ↓bacterial colonization and translocation to Salmonella infection in rats	[81-84]
	↓intestinal permeability in rats	[108]
	↓diarrhea severity in Salmonella enterocolitis in rats	[82]
	↓diarrhea onset, ↓severity, ↑ recovery in DSS colitis in rodents	[73,74]
	↓gut permeability and diarrhea in immune-mediated colitis in HLA-B27 transgenic rats	[85]
	↓induced intestinal inflammation in mice	[35,72]
	↓stool volume and duration of diarrheas by viruses or parasites in humans (children)	[36]
	↓stool weight and duration of diarrhea by ETEC in humans (adults)	[87]
	↓diarrhea frequency in patients with calcitonin-secreting medullary thyroid cancer	[88]
Calcium and magnesium	↓intestinal motility and diarrhea symptoms of morphine withdrawal in mice	[62]
Polyamines	↓intestinal motility in mice	[63,64]
	↓gastrointestinal transit and diarrhea of irritable bowel syndrome in mice	[65-67]
	↓DSS colitis in rodents	[73]
Tryptophan	↓intestinal inflammation in mice	[109]
	↓DSS colitis in rodents	[73]

¹The naturally occurring calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) activators described are all friendly minerals or nutrients and generally safe. Except for chemically synthesized polyamines, no adverse events other than mild GI discomforts (e.g., constipation[36,88], flatulence[88] and bloating[88]) were reported. DSS: Dextran sodium sulfate; ETEC: Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.