Table 1.
Baseline characteristics n (%)
| Variable | Case (n = 27) | Control (n = 45) | P value |
| Age group | |||
| < 30 yr | 2 (7.41) | 2 (4.4) | (reference) |
| 31–45 yr | 7 (26.0) | 14 (31.1) | 0.99 |
| 46–60 yr | 6 (22.2) | 11 (24.4) | 0.99 |
| > 60 yr | 12 (44.4) | 18 (40.0) | 0.99 |
| Gender | |||
| Male | 17 (63) | 31 (69) | 0.99 |
| Female | 10 (37) | 14 (31) | (reference) |
| Education | |||
| None | 2 (8.3) | 4 (8.9) | (reference) |
| Primary | 15 (62.5) | 18 (40.0) | 0.76 |
| Secondary | 6 (25) | 11 (24.4) | 0.66 |
| Tertiary | 1 (4.1) | 12 (26.7) | 0.99 |
| Income | |||
| Low | 21 (77.8) | 15 (33.3) | (reference) |
| High | 2 (7.4) | 14 (31.1) | 0.025 |
| Irregular/unsure | 4 (14.8) | 16 (35.6) | 0.019 |
| Smoking status | |||
| Never | 19 (70) | 42 (93) | (reference) |
| Ever | 8 (30) | 3 (7) | 0.024 |
| Alcohol intake | |||
| Never | 18 (67) | 37 (82) | (reference) |
| Ever | 9 (33) | 8 (18) | 0.140 |
| Median BMI (kg/m2) | 16.8 | 24.5 | 0.014 |
| HIV | |||
| Positive | 6 (22.2) | 3 (6.7) | 0.140 |
| Negative | 20 (74.1) | 38 (84.4) | (reference) |
| MUAC (cm) | 21.5 (19-25) | 28 (26-31) | 0.0024 |
Low income: less than $200 per month; Ever smoked or drank alcohol includes both current and former. A P value of < 0.05 was statistical significant. BMI: Body mass index; MUAC: Mid upper arm circumference; HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus.