Table 2. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the associations between baseline consumption of different food groups and specific causes of death in the Linxian Nutrition Intervention Trials, Linxian, China (1984–2010).
| Food groups | Scale# | HRs (95 % CI)* |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total death (N = 1501) | Esophageal cancer (N = 246) | Gastric cancer (N = 175) | Heart disease (N = 355) | Stroke (N = 452) | ||
| Grains | ||||||
| All | Once/day | 0.96 (0.93, 1.00) | 0.93 (0.84, 1.03) | 0.93 (0.82, 1.05) | 1.00 (0.92, 1.09) | 0.90 (0.83, 0.97) |
| Non-whole | Once/day | 0.96 (0.92, 1.01) | 0.94 (0.83, 1.06) | 0.86 (0.75, 0.99) | 1.05 (0.94, 1.16) | 0.90 (0.82, 0.98) |
| Whole | Once/day | 0.98 (0.93, 1.05) | 0.94 (0.81, 1.09) | 1.08 (0.91, 1.29) | 0.94 (0.83, 1.07) | 0.93 (0.83, 1.04) |
| Vegetables | ||||||
| All | Once/day | 0.98 (0.95, 1.01) | 0.99 (0.91, 1.08) | 0.95 (0.85, 1.05) | 0.89 (0.83, 0.96) | 1.01 (0.95, 1.07) |
| Dark green | twice/week | 0.88 (0.73, 1.07) | 1.07 (0.68, 1.69) | 1.08 (0.64, 1.80) | 0.72 (0.48, 1.06) | 0.62 (0.43, 0.91) |
| Yellow/orange | Once/day | 0.95 (0.86, 1.06) | 0.97 (0.74, 1.27) | 0.96 (0.70, 1.33) | 0.77 (0.60, 0.97) | 0.92 (0.76, 1.12) |
| Starchy | Once/day | 1.01 (0.90, 1.18) | 0.95 (0.74, 1.24) | 1.01 (0.74, 1.38) | 0.95 (0.76, 1.20) | 1.16 (0.96, 1.41) |
| Cruciferous | Once/day | 1.03 (0.95, 1.17) | 1.09 (0.79, 1.51) | 1.05 (0.70, 1.58) | 0.81 (0.60, 1.11) | 1.06 (0.83, 1.34) |
| Liliacae | Once/day | 1.05 (0.93, 1.19) | 0.93 (0.67, 1.27) | 0.93 (0.63, 1.35) | 0.98 (0.75, 1.28) | 1.17 (0.93, 1.47) |
| Other† | Once/day | 0.93 (0.87, 1.00) | 0.99 (0.85, 1.16) | 0.81 (0.66, 1.00) | 0.79 (0.68, 0.93) | 1.01 (0.89, 1.14) |
| Beans | 4 times/week | 0.90 (0.81, 1.01) | 1.11 (0.87, 1.42) | 1.05 (0.77, 1.42) | 0.63 (0.48, 0.83) | 0.84 (0.68, 1.04) |
| Fruits | ||||||
| All | 3 times/month | 0.99 (0.96, 1.02) | 1.01 (0.96, 1.06) | 1.04 (0.99, 1.10) | 0.89 (0.82, 0.98) | 0.98 (0.93, 1.04) |
| Citrus/melon | Once/month | 0.98 (0.95, 1.00) | 0.99 (0.94, 1.05) | 1.00 (0.94, 1.06) | 0.92 (0.84, 1.01) | 0.96 (0.90, 1.03) |
| Non-citrus | 2 times/month | 1.00 (0.98, 1.02) | 1.01 (0.97, 1.06) | 1.05 (1.00, 1.10) | 0.93 (0.87, 0.99) | 0.99 (0.95, 1.04) |
| Nuts | 3 times/month | 0.99 (0.96, 1.02) | 1.00 (0.93, 1.08) | 0.98 (0.89, 1.07) | 0.89 (0.82, 0.98) | 0.99 (0.93, 1.05) |
| Meat/fish& | 2 times/month | 1.00 (0.97, 1.02) | 0.98 (0.92, 1.05) | 1.03 (0.97, 1.09) | 0.94 (0.88, 1.02) | 1.02 (0.97, 1.07) |
| Eggs | 4 times/month | 1.01 (0.98, 1.03) | 0.99 (0.92, 1.06) | 1.04 (0.97, 1.10) | 1.00 (0.95, 1.06) | 1.00 (0.96, 1.06) |
#HRs scaled to Once/day for grains and vegetables (except for dark green vegetables, twice/week), 4 times / week for beans, several times/month for fruit, nuts, meat/fish and eggs.
*Adjusted for age, sex, commune, smoking, drinking, season and body mass index.
††Other vegetables included fresh radish roots, fresh turnip root or mustard roots, garlic bulbs, celery, tomatoes, fresh eggplants, sweet green peppers, cucumbers, winter melons, dried eggplants, dried radish roots, dried turnip roots and mustard roots.
&Combined red meat, white meat and fish as one subgroup.