Table 2.

Example issues to which inSTREAM and MORPH have been applied.

Theoretical questions		Management predictions
inSTREAM	MORPH	inSTREAM	MORPH
Adaptive trade-offs: How can we model decisions (e.g., habitat and foraging effort selection) that trade off growth and risk, when future growth and risk is unknown and subject to feedbacks of this behavior?	Decision rules: How do alternative forager decision rules (e.g., rate maximization or risk minimizing) influence their distribution and survival?	Stream flow assessment: Effects of alternative policies for flow releases from dams.	Shellfishing: Shellfishing quotas that account for biomass required by shorebirds.
Habitat selection modeling: How useful is habitat selection modeling for predicting population response to habitat alteration?	Competition and individual variation: How do individual variation, depletion and interference competition affect survival and distribution?	Stream temperature assessment: Effects of changes in water temperature regimes.	Disturbance from humans: Impacts of increased disturbance due to housing near the coast.
Food limitation: How useful is the traditional concept that food “limits” populations only when relatively scarce?	Spatial scale: When does spatial variation in food abundance and availability need to be incorporated into models?	Turbidity assessment: Effects of turbidity regimes, e.g., from alternative forest harvest management policies.	Sea level rise: Effects of future sea level rise on shorebirds via reduced habitat area.
		Habitat restoration project design and assessment: Benefits of restoration actions such as re-shaping channels and adding spawning gravel or hiding cover.	Port development: Impacts of habitat loss caused by port development.
		Flow fluctuation assessment: Effects of hydropower “load following” that causes flow to change multiple times per day.	Tidal barrages: Impacts of changes in habitat quality and tidal exposure due to tidal power barrages.
		Barrier assessment: Effects of barriers that prevent trout movement up- or downstream.	Wind farms: Effects of wind farms on diving sea ducks.
		Facultative anadromy: Effects of river management on production of anadromous individuals in species with individuals that decide adaptively whether to migrate to the ocean.	Bridges: Effects of bridge-construction disturbance on sea ducks.
			Nuclear power stations: Effects of warm-water outflows on shorebirds via changes in prey species in intertidal habitats.
			Mitigation for developments: Benefits of habitat creation to offset habitat loss or disturbance through development.