Table 1.
Multivariate-adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of hepatocellular carcinoma for demographic and other factors
| Demographic variables | No. | (%) | No. | (%) | AOR* (95% CI) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|||||
| HCC patients (N = 622) | Controls (N = 660) | |||||
| Sex | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Female | 149 | 24 | 257 | 38.9 | 1 (reference) | |
|
| ||||||
| Male | 473 | 76 | 403 | 61.1 | .9 (.6–1.2) | .5 |
|
| ||||||
| Age (years) | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| <60 | 229 | 36.8 | 314 | 47.6 | 1 (reference) | |
|
| ||||||
| ≥60 | 393 | 63.2 | 346 | 52.4 | 2.7 (1.8–4) | .001 |
|
| ||||||
| Ethnicity | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 421 | 67.7 | 596 | 90.3 | 1 (reference) | |
|
| ||||||
| Hispanic | 88 | 14.1 | 41 | 6.2 | 2.5 (1.5–4.4) | .001 |
|
| ||||||
| African American | 67 | 10.8 | 19 | 2.9 | 3.9 (1.8–8.8) | .001 |
|
| ||||||
| Asian | 46 | 7.4 | 4 | 0.6 | 12.7 (3.7–43.4) | <.001 |
|
| ||||||
| Educational level | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| < College Education | 268 | 43.1 | 178 | 27.0 | 1 (reference) | |
|
| ||||||
| ≥ College Education | 354 | 56.9 | 482 | 73.0 | 1.3 (.9–1.9) | .06 |
|
| ||||||
| Hepatitis virus infection | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| No virus infection | 311 | 50 | 635 | 96.2 | 1 (reference) | |
|
| ||||||
| HCV alone | 141 | 22.7 | 2 | 0.3 | 169.9 (40.4–715.6) | <.001 |
|
| ||||||
| HBV alone | 83 | 13.3 | 21 | 3.2 | 8.3 (4.4–15.4) | <.001 |
|
| ||||||
| HCV and HBV | 87 | 14 | 2 | 0.3 | 94.5 (22.1–403.5) | <.001 |
|
| ||||||
| Cigarette smoking | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| No smoking | 225 | 36.2 | 353 | 53.5 | 1(reference) | |
|
| ||||||
| ≤20 pack-years | 171 | 27.5 | 142 | 21.5 | .9 (.6–1.3) | .5 |
|
| ||||||
| >20 pack-years | 226 | 36.2 | 165 | 25.0 | 1.5 (1.1–1.9) | .006 |
|
| ||||||
| Alcohol drinking | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| No drinking | 178 | 28.6 | 295 | 44.7 | 1 (reference) | |
|
| ||||||
| <60 ml ethanol/day | 310 | 49.8 | 329 | 49.8 | 1.7 (1.2–2.4) | .002 |
|
| ||||||
| ≥ 60 ml ethanol/day | 134 | 21.5 | 36 | 5.5 | 4.5 (2.5–8.1) | <.001 |
|
| ||||||
| Prior history of diabetes | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| No diabetes mellitus | 411 | 66.1 | 581 | 88 | 1 (reference) | |
|
| ||||||
| Diabetes ≤I year | 14 | 2.3 | 18 | 2.7 | 1.9 (.9–4.4) | .2 |
|
| ||||||
| Diabetes >1 year | 197 | 31.7 | 61 | 9.2 | 4.7 (3.2–7.1) | <.001 |
|
| ||||||
| Family history of cancer | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| No | 117 | 18.8 | 228 | 34.5 | 1 (reference) | |
|
| ||||||
| Yes | 505 | 81.2 | 432 | 65.5 | 3.7 (2.6–5.1) | <.001 |
|
| ||||||
| State of residency | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| TX, LA, AK, NM, OK † | 448 | 72 | 497 | 75.3 | 1 (reference) | |
|
| ||||||
| Other states | 174 | 28 | 163 | 24.7 | .8 (.7–1.1) | .2 |
Abbreviations: HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus.
*
The AORs were estimated from a multiple logistic regression model that included sex, age, ethnicity, education level, hepatitis virus infection, alcohol drinking, cigarette smoking, history of diabetes, and family history of cancer.
†
States of Texas (TX), Louisiana (LA), Arkansas (AK), New Mexico (NM), and Oklahoma (OK)