Table 3:

Physiological traits and considerations for integration into mechanistic species distribution models

Trait	Considerations	Examples
Upper thermal limit	Upper critical temperatures often fail to predict biogeography (Sunday et al., 2012) Methodological differences in determining the upper critical temperature (Ribeiro et al., 2012)	Thermal maxima in anurans (Gouveia et al., 2014) Upper thermal limits in ants (Diamond et al., 2012) Thermal maxima in Mytilus mussels (Jones, 2010; Woodin et al., 2013).
Lower thermal limit	Many species can endure some time below the functional cold limit without incurring long-term injury (Overgaard et al., 2014)	Cold tolerance in Drosophilids (Overgaard et al., 2014)
Activity window	Difficult to account fully for behavioural thermoregulation and microhabitat use (Sunday et al., 2014) Difficult to consider fine-scale topography (Sears et al., 2011)	Locomotion in cane toads (Kearney et al., 2008) Duration of activity in Sceloporus lizards during reproductive months (Sinervo et al., 2010; Ceia-Hasse et al., 2014) Flight activity in Colias butterflies (Buckley and Kingsolver, 2012a)
Developmental rate	Egg, larval and adult life stages can differ significantly in environmental tolerances (Kingsolver et al., 2011)	Butterflies in the UK (Buckley et al., 2011)
Hypoxia tolerance	Oxygen co-varies with temperature in marine environments	Marine ectotherms (Deutsch et al., 2015) Marine fishes (Cheung et al., 2013)
Population growth rate	Demographic models often fail to consider anthropogenic influences, such as commercial harvests (Fordham et al., 2013) and changes in land use (Buckley and Kingsolver, 2012a,b)	Abalone (Fordham et al., 2013). Insects (Deutsch et al., 2008)
Energetics	Extensive physiological and morphometric data are often required to parameterize the model (Kearney et al., 2010)	Australian gliding possum (Kearney et al., 2010)