Table 2.
Comparison of serum trace element (mg/L) and the bone metabolism markers for female subjects (N=53) before and after 12-week aerobic exercise training (mean ± SD)
| Parameters | Normal control (N=10) (T-score =0 to −0.99) |
Osteopenic (N=25) (T-score =−1 to −2.49) |
Osteoporotic (N=18) (T-score ≤−2.5) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Pre | Post | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.7±3.9 | 23.1±3.8* | 27.6±3.7 | 26.5±3.4* | 28.3±2.5 | 27.1±2.1* |
| WHR | 0.88±0.07 | 0.88±0.05 | 1.08±0.09 | 1.0±0.06* | 1.06±0.04 | 0.96±0.05* |
| BAP | 17.1±3.9 | 25.1±2.1* | 10.3±2.5 | 21.7±3.7** | 9.8±8.6 | 16.9±11.3** |
| T-score | −0.65±0.6 | −0.45±0.2* | −1.7±0.9 | −1.2±0.8** | −2.9±0.5 | −1.9±0.8** |
| BMD hip (g/cm2) | 0.84±0.13 | 0.97±0.18* | 0.79±0.06 | 0.89±0.11** | 0.72±0.14 | 0.98±0.27** |
| BMD spine (g/cm2) | 0.87±0.15 | 0.96±0.12* | 1.14±0.19 | 1.6±0.35** | 1.08±0.12 | 1.93±0.45** |
| Calcium (mg/L) | 90.60±3.44 | 119.4±5.18* | 65.4±3.8 | 98.3±8.2** | 58.9±6.9 | 112.3±4.6** |
| Manganese (mg/L) | 1.34±0.18 | 1.5±0.21* | 1.25±0.25 | 1.82±0.31** | 1.12±0.20 | 1.45±0.51** |
| Copper (mg/L) | 1.12±0.65 | 0.96±0.32* | 0.92±0.46 | 0.73±0.16** | 0.81±0.23 | 0.58±0.21** |
| Zinc (mg/L) | 0.94±0.43 | 0.68±0.25* | 0.72±0.31 | 0.64±0.21** | 0.67±0.31 | 0.53±0.16** |
Notes: Values are expressed as mean ± SD.
*
P<0.05 (pretest vs posttest of each group).
**
P<0.01 (pretest vs posttest of each group). Significance at P<0.05.
Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio; BAP, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (U/L); BMD, bone mineral density.