Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2016 Mar 4;5:7. doi: 10.1186/s40169-016-0087-4

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© Ratajczak and Ratajczak. 2016

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

PMC Copyright notice

Fig. 2 — Different possible approaches to generating more efficient pro-regenerative ExMVs. ExMVs could be harvested from large-scale in vitro cultures of producing cell lines—for example, mesenchymal stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells. Such cell lines may be modified to obtain ExMVs that do not express HLA antigens (a), are enriched in growth factors, cytokines, chemokines and bioactive lipids that promote regeneration of damaged organs (b), are enriched in mRNA and regulatory miRNA facilitating regeneration of damaged tissues and/or promoting angiogenesis (c), or display on their surface molecules that direct them to, and cause them to be retained in, damaged tissues (d) (adapted from Ratajczak et al. [16])