Table 1.
Cross-sectional study patient characteristics
| Controls (n = 19) | DM ≥30 ml min−1 1.73 m−2 (n = 15) | DN (n = 21) | SPK (n = 37) | KTx (n = 15) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex, male, n (%) | 9 (47%) | 6 (40%) | 16 (76%) | 24 (65%) | 6 (40%) |
| Age (years) | 44 ± 11 | 55 ± 13* | 44 ± 5† | 48 ± 8 | 48 ± 10 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.2 ± 3.8 | 23.8 ± 2.8 | 25.4 ± 3.2 | 24.3 ± 4.4 | 25.0 ± 4.6 |
| HbA1c (%) (mmol/mol) | – | 7.1 ± 0.7 (54 ± 7.7) | 8.9 ± 2.3† (74 ± 25.1) | 5.6 ± 0.8†,‡ (38 ± 8.7) | 8.5 ± 0.9†,§ (69 ± 9.8) |
| Glucose (mmol/l) | 5.3 ± 1.0 | 12.8 ± 4.7* | 13.8 ± 6.4* | 6.0 ± 2.9†,‡ | 13.0 ± 6.7*,§ |
| eGFR (ml min−1 1.73 m−2) | 93 ± 17 | 70 ± 24* | 18 ± 7*,† | 53 ± 19*,†,‡ | 62 ± 23*,‡ |
| Median proteinuria (g/24 h) (IQR) | – | 0.29 (0.13–0.29) | 0.72 (0.35–1.5) | 0.27 (0.17–0.82)‡ | 0.21 (0.18–0.36)‡ |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 131 ± 12 | 130 ± 13 | 146 ± 19 | 139 ± 23 | 138 ± 29 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 82 ± 7 | 71 ± 8* | 86 ± 11† | 83 ± 13† | 81 ± 14 |
| Haemoglobin (mmol/l) | 8.7 ± 0.7 | 8.2 ± 1.3 | 7.6 ± 0.5* | 8.1 ± 1.2 | 8.2 ± 1.1 |
| Haematocrit (l/l) | 0.41 ± 0.03 | 0.40 ± 0.05 | 0.36 ± 0.03* | 0.40 ± 0.05‡ | 0.41 ± 0.05‡ |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | – | 35 ± 10 | 29 ± 9 | 27 ± 8† | 35 ± 9§ |
| Dialysis, n (%) | – | 0 (0%) | 3 (14%) | 0 (0%)‡ | 0 (0%) |
| Median time since KTx or SPK (months) (IQR) | – | – | – | 45 (19–110) | 21 (9–69) |
| Rejection after KTx or SPK, n (%) | – | – | – | 13 (35%) | 0 (0%) |
| Diabetes after SPK, n (%) | – | – | – | 3 (8%) | – |
| Smoking, n (%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (13%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (8%) | 1 (7%) |
| Acetylsalicylic acid, n (%) | – | 3 (20%) | 2 (10%) | 11 (30%) | 3 (20%) |
| Antihypertensive drugs, n (%) | – | ||||
| ACE inhibitor | 7 (47%) | 14 (67%) | 14 (38%) | 7 (47%) | |
| Angiotensin-II antagonist | 3 (20%) | 13 (62%)† | 8 (22%)‡ | 0 (0%)‡ | |
| Calcium antagonist | 2 (13%) | 11 (52%)† | 22 (60%)† | 7 (47%) | |
| Diuretic | 5 (33%) | 13 (62%) | 9 (24%)‡ | 4 (27%)‡ | |
| β-Blocker | 0 (0%) | 9 (43%)† | 19 (51%)† | 6 (40%)† | |
| Statin, n (%) | – | 8 (53%) | 13 (62%) | 26 (70%) | 5 (33%) |
| Steroid-free, alemtuzumab induction, n (%) | – | – | – | 12 (32%) | 1 (7%) |
| Immunosuppressive drugs, n (%) | – | – | – | ||
| Cyclosporine | 13 (35%) | 1 (7%)§ | |||
| Tacrolimus | 24 (65%) | 11 (73%) | |||
| Prednisone | 26 (70%) | 9 (60%) | |||
| Azathioprine | 3 (8%) | 0 (0%) | |||
| Sirolimus | 0 (0%) | 1 (7%) | |||
| Everolimus | 2 (5%) | 0 (0%) | |||
| Mycophenolate mofetil | 27 (73%) | 14 (93%) |
Parametric data are presented as mean ± SD. Nonparametric data are presented as median and IQR. Categorical data are presented as frequency and percentage
*p < 0.05 vs controls; † p < 0.05 vs DM ≥30 ml min−1 1.73 m−2; ‡ p < 0.05 vs DN; § p < 0.05 vs SPK
ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme