Fig. 5.

Instrumental responses. Here, we have supplemented the hierarchy of Fig. 6 to include proprioceptive precedents of a conditioned exteroceptive stimulus – here some hand movement. This means that moving the hand induces expectations or predictions about the sound of the bell that, in turn, elicit lower-level expectations leading to a conditioned response. In other words, this hierarchical extension enables Pavlovian conditioning to enslave instrumental responses.