Table 2.
Influence of injectable hormonal contraceptive use on cytokine, MMP and TIMP concentrations in genital secretions
| Functional groups | Cytokine | Injectable HC users (n=64) | Non-HC users (n=64) | Multivariate# | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||
| Median (pg/ml) | IQR | Median (pg/ml) | IQR | Beta coefficient (SE) | P value | ||
| Pro-inflammatory | TNF-β | 7.60 | 3.36 – 19.05 | 11.53 | 5.31 – 21.83 | −0.197 (0.104) | 0.061 |
| IL-12p40† | 0.12 | 0.12 – 14.39 | 12.20 | 0.12 – 38.24 | −1.059 (0.404) | 0.009 | |
| IL-12p70† | 0.02 | 0.01 – 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.01 – 0.09 | 0.363 (0.414) | 0.381 | |
| IL1α | 38.02 | 14.26 – 172.71 | 87.37 | 30.40 – 259.69 | −0.128 (0.126) | 0.311 | |
| IL-6 | 2.57 | 0.84 – 11.79 | 2.56 | 0.36 – 16.41 | 0.140 (0.198) | 0.481 | |
| TNF-α | 0.04 | 0.03 – 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.02 – 0.05 | 0.223 (0.114) | 0.053 | |
| IL-1β | 0.79 | 0.14 – 5.96 | 0.76 | 0.19 – 5.81 | −0.005 (0.169) | 0.979 | |
|
| |||||||
| Chemokine | Eotaxin | 0.31 | 0.26 – 3.09 | 2.32 | 0.31 – 5.27 | −0.334 (0.114) | 0.004 |
| MCP-1 | 6.33 | 2.80 – 19.39 | 13.97 | 4.85 – 72.18 | −0.359 (0.146) | 0.015 | |
| MDC | 10.97 | 4.60 – 33.28 | 35.52 | 12.15 – 63.15 | −0.364 (0.119) | 0.003 | |
| Fractalkine† | 2.13 | 2.13 – 23.60 | 18.01 | 2.13 – 40.10 | −0.910 (0.414) | 0.028 | |
| MIP1α† | 0.66 | 0.66 – 5.73 | 0.66 | 0.66 – 19.83 | −0.422 (0.472) | 0.370 | |
| MCP-3 | 9.35 | 1.95 – 12.41 | 12.34 | 8.47 – 15.42 | −0.106 (0.063) | 0.097 | |
| IP-10 | 22.95 | 3.78 – 88.25 | 45.96 | 13.30 – 182.40 | −0.393 (0.211) | 0.066 | |
| GRO | 370.82 | 134.00 – 1263.72 | 598.60 | 236.09 – 1974.89 | −0.178 (0.128) | 0.167 | |
| MIP-1β | 3.18 | 0.26 – 5.27 | 4.31 | 0.70 – 7.93 | −0.028 (0.252) | 0.911 | |
| IL-8 | 157.89 | 69.74 – 510.09 | 131.05 | 54.80 – 1029.17 | 0.112 (0.129) | 0.389 | |
| RANTES | 3.65 | 2.24 – 9.62 | 3.21 | 0.93 – 9.98 | 0.202 (0.136) | 0.138 | |
|
| |||||||
| Innate | IFNα† | 0.68 | 0.68 – 0.68 | 0.68 | 0.68 – 8.91 | −0.874 (0.446) | 0.050 |
|
| |||||||
| Hematopoietic | IL-9 | 0.68 | 0.01 – 1.24 | 1.19 | 0.23 – 1.76 | −0.319 (0.188) | 0.093 |
| Flt3L | 4.27 | 0.45 – 9.48 | 6.56 | 2.94 – 10.56 | −0.174 (0.110) | 0.116 | |
| G-CSF | 17.17 | 2.76 – 73.44 | 26.80 | 4.71 – 117.07 | −0.256 (0.208) | 0.222 | |
| GM-CSF | 0.14 | 0.02 – 0.38 | 0.13 | 0.01 – 0.47 | 0.077 (0.141) | 0.588 | |
| IL-7 | 0.25 | 0.08 – 0.41 | 0.25 | 0.02 – 0.61 | −0.033 (0.123) | 0.791 | |
| IL-3 | 3.08 | 0.01 – 14.86 | 8.35 | 0.01 – 28.18 | −0.229 (0.415) | 0.580 | |
|
| |||||||
| Growth Factor | PDGF-AA | 4.55 | 2.54 – 19.81 | 15.77 | 5.85 – 118.91 | −0.506 (0.146) | 0.001 |
| TGF-α | 2.35 | 0.99 – 4.19 | 3.37 | 2.14 – 5.79 | −0.173 (0.101) | 0.089 | |
| VEGF | 73.86 | 17.27 – 151.91 | 77.09 | 12.95 – 120.64 | −0.033 (0.100) | 0.742 | |
| PDGF-AB/BB† | 0.09 | 0.09 – 17.43 | 0.09 | 0.09 – 38.66 | −0.185 (0.417) | 0.658 | |
| EGF† | 0.56 | 0.56 – 2.30 | 0.56 | 0.56 – 8.61 | −0.632 (0.427) | 0.139 | |
| FGF-2† | 0.30 | 0.30 – 8.39 | 5.32 | 0.30 – 13.15 | −0.539 (0.394) | 0.171 | |
|
| |||||||
| Adaptive | IL-15 | 1.54 | 0.30 – 1.90 | 2.08 | 1.39 – 2.52 | −0.240 (0.114) | 0.038 |
| IL-5 | 0.03 | 0.02 – 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.02 – 0.04 | 0.011 (0.028) | 0.690 | |
| IL-17 | 0.82 | 0.03 – 1.17 | 1.07 | 0.67 – 1.73 | −0.158 (0.137) | 0.251 | |
| sCD40L | 22.84 | 8.41 – 30.89 | 22.84 | 12.64 – 33.53 | −0.007 (0.113) | 0.954 | |
| IFN-γ | 1.31 | 0.13 – 4.51 | 0.67 | 0.01 – 3.09 | 0.336 (0.215) | 0.121 | |
| IL-2† | 0.08 | 0.01 – 0.20 | 0.08 | 0.01 – 0.19 | −0.444 (0.417) | 0.287 | |
| IL-4† | 0.02 | 0.02 – 0.36 | 0.05 | 0.02 – 0.38 | −0.300 (0.406) | 0.460 | |
| IL-13† | 0.01 | 0.01 – 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 – 0.01 | 0.217 (0.428) | 0.612 | |
| sIL-2Rα† | 5.88 | 0.57 – 10.13 | 6.10 | 0.57 – 10.70 | 0.143 (0.395) | 0.717 | |
|
| |||||||
| Anti-inflammatory | IL-1Ra | 36313.59 | 26674.06 – 45012.00 | 40793.38 | 27693.84 – 45012.00 | −0.038 (0.044) | 0.381 |
| IL-10† | 0.02 | 0.01 – 0.19 | 0.02 | 0.01 – 0.24 | 0.813 (0.429) | 0.058 | |
|
| |||||||
| MMPs | MMP-1 | 5.30 | 2.40 – 42.71 | 3.92 | 2.40 – 53.10 | 0.135 (0.179) | 0.454 |
| MMP-7 | 5038.05 | 379.42 – 23761.51 | 2247.97 | 162.27 – 26476.16 | 0.293 (0.358) | 0.416 | |
| MMP-9 | 13336.27 | 4963.64 – 73603.95 | 15753.28 | 4774.88 – 46728.84 | 0.203 (0.202) | 0.318 | |
| MMP-10 | 11.70 | 2.20 – 126.18 | 5.52 | 2.20 – 166.11 | 0.318 (0.235) | 0.180 | |
| MMP-2† | 118.10 | 118.10 – 118.10 | 118.10 | 118.10 – 118.10 | 0.808 (0.832) | 0.332 | |
|
| |||||||
| TIMPs | TIMP-1 | 1867.65 | 854.01 – 6087.20 | 4356.19 | 1316.85 – 6634.26 | −0.243 (0.189) | 0.203 |
| TIMP-2 | 11759.57 | 6497.84 – 16406.50 | 14878.22 | 8023.87 – 19246.30 | −0.207 (0.091) | 0.027 | |
| TIMP-3 | 25.45 | 25.45 – 32.54 | 25.45 | 25.45 – 32.54 | 0.029 (0.040) | 0.472 | |
| TIMP-4 | 3.92 | 3.92 – 3.92 | 3.92 | 3.92 – 3.92 | 0.013 (0.068) | 0.849 | |
SE=standard error, CI = confidence interval.
#
Multivariate analysis adjusted for age, marital status, condom use, sex work, STIs and BV as co-variates.
†
Variables with at least a third of concentrations were undetectable were dichotomised and a logistic regression model was fitted to estimate the effect of injectable contraception on detectability of these cytokines