Table 5.
Beneficial effect of pistachio consumption on glucose metabolism, insulin resistance, inflammation and related metabolic risk markers: results from a randomized clinical trial
| Pistachio diet | Control diet | Treatment effect | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Baseline | Change | Baseline | Change | P-value |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 116.24 (112.37, 120.11) | -5.17 (-8.14, -2.19)* | 108.06 (104.27, 111.84) | 6.72 (4.38, 9.07) | <0.001 |
| Fasting plasma insulin (mU/mL) | 14.36 (12.65, 16.07) | -2.04 (-3.17, -0.92)* | 11.44 (9.81, 13.07) | 2.51 (1.02, 4.00) | <0.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 4.22 (3.66, 4.77) | -0.69 (-1.07, -0.31)* | 3.10 (2.64, 3.56) | 0.97 (0.49, 1.44) | <0.001 |
| HOMA-BCF | 98.22 (86.35, 110.09) | -3.46 (-11.45, 4.53) | 96.76 (78.45, 115.07) | -0.25 (-9.65, 9.16) | 0.620 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.92 (5.82, 6.02) | 0.03 (-0.12, 0.05) | 5.87 (5.75, 5.99) | 0.03 (-0.03, 0.10) | 0.130 |
| Fibrinogen (ng/mL) | 71.18 (65.62, 76.75) | -2.24 (-5.94, 1.46) | 65.13 (60.45, 69.81) | 3.24 (-0.19, 6.67) | 0.019 |
| Tissue Factor (pg/mL) | 195.71 (143.16, 248.26) | 16.33 (-10.60, 43.27) | 225.57 (169.88, 281.26) | -14.46 (-40.35, 11.43) | 0.162 |
| PAI-1 (pg/mL) | 158.37 (134.65, 182.10) | 13.26 (-13.81, 40.33) | 177.42 (136.40, 218.43) | -12.91 (-42.41, 16.59) | 0.146 |
| Von Willebrand factor (ng/mL) | 0.61 (0.47, 0.75) | 0.27 (0.00, 0.55) | 0.99 (0.59, 1.39) | -0.04 (-0.53, 0.45) | 0.149 |
| Platelet Factor 4 (ng/mL) | 0.20 (0.07, 0.32) | -0.07 (-0.13, -0.02) | 0.12 (0.09, 0.15) | 0.00 (-0.02, 0.02) | 0.014 |
| Thromboxane B2 (ng/mL) | 2.20 (1.60, 2.80) | -0.18 (-0.55, 0.19) | 2.20 (1.69, 2.71) | 0.13 (-0.33, 0.58) | 0.306 |
| Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (pg/mL) | 32.55 (26.99, 38.11) | -0.04 (-4.17, 4.09) | 34.19 (29.17, 39.21) | -1.31 (-5.08, 2.46) | 0.613 |
| Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (pg/mL) | 46.62 (37.24, 56.00) | 4.09 (1.25, 6.94)* | 47.40 (37.77, 57.04) | -0.59 (-2.98, 1.80) | 0.009 |
| C-peptide (ng/mL) | 1.83 (1.68, 1.98) | -0.06 (-0.18, 0.06) | 1.75 (1.60, 1.91) | 0.01 (-0.11, 0.14) | 0.338 |
| Resistin (pg/mL) | 105.70 (89.89, 121.50) | 2.29 (-7.14, 11.73) | 108.63 (89.55, 127.71) | 4.19 (-21.01, 29.39) | 0.669 |
Adapted from Hernandez-Alonso, P. et al [5]
All values are means (95 % CI). Intra-group analysis was assessed by paired t-test. Basal-adjusted changes between groups were analysed using adjusted ANOVA of repeated measurements
* Significantly difference (P < 0.05) between baseline and final in a certain intervention period