Table 1.
Unweighted proportions for demographic, social characteristics, self-reported medical histories, health outcomes, and design parameters stratified by setting; N = 481 (CKD-AFRiKA, 2014)
| Variable (n, %) | Urban | Rural | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 370) | (n = 111) | (n = 481) | |
| Gender (female) | 278 (75.1 %) | 80 (72.1 %) | 358 (74.4 %) |
| Age | |||
| 18–39 years old | 138 (37.3 %) | 34 (30.6 %) | 172 (35.8 %) |
| 40–59 years old | 145 (39.2 %) | 46 (41.5 %) | 191 (39.7 %) |
| 60+ years old | 87 (23.5 %) | 31 (27.9 %) | 118 (24.5 %) |
| Ethnicity | |||
| Chagga | 230 (62.2 %) | 58 (52.3 %) | 288 (59.9 %) |
| Pare | 35 (9.5 %) | 31 (27.9 %) | 66 (13.7 % |
| Sambaa | 18 (4.9 %) | 9 (8.1 %) | 27 (5.6 %) |
| Othera | 87 (23.5 %) | 13 (11.7 %) | 100 (20.8 %) |
| Education | |||
| None | 27 (7.3 %) | 4 (3.6 %) | 31 (6.4 %) |
| Primary | 253 (68.4 %) | 96 (86.5 %) | 349 (72.6 %) |
| Secondary | 64 (17.3 %) | 10 (9.0 %) | 74 (15.4 %) |
| Post-secondary | 26 (7.0 %) | 1 (0.9 %) | 27 (5.6 %) |
| Occupation | |||
| Unemployedb | 71 (19.2 %) | 3 (2.7 %) | 74 (15.4 %) |
| Farmer/wage earner | 114 (30.8 %) | 85 (76.6 %) | 199 (41.4 %) |
| Small business/vendors | 143 (38.6 %) | 15 (13.5 %) | 158 (32.8 %) |
| Professionalc | 42 (11.4 %) | 8 (7.2 %) | 50 (10.4 %) |
| Social characteristics | |||
| Ongoing tobacco use | 34 (9.2 %) | 16 (14.4 %) | 50 (10.4 %) |
| Ongoing alcohol use | 146 (39.5 %) | 52 (46.9 %) | 198 (41.2 %) |
| Self-reported medical history | |||
| Diabetes | 53 (14.3 %) | 8 (7.2 %) | 61 (12.7 %) |
| Hypertension | 113 (30.6 %) | 21 (19.1 %) | 134 (28.0 %) |
| Stroke | 6 (1.6 %) | 2 (1.8 %) | 8 (1.7 %) |
| Heart diseased | 17 (4.6 %) | 1 (0.9 %) | 18 (3.7 %) |
| Tuberculosis | 10 (2.7 %) | 0 (0 %) | 10 (2.1 %) |
| Hepatitis | 12 (3.2 %) | 2 (1.8 %) | 14 (2.9 %) |
| Malaria | 329 (88.9 %) | 98 (88.3 %) | 427 (88.8 %) |
| Cancer | 6 (1.6 %) | 0 (0 %) | 6 (1.3 %) |
| COPD/asthma | 23 (6.2 %) | 2 (1.8 %) | 25 (5.2 %) |
| HIV/AIDS | 20 (5.4 %) | 1 (0.9 %) | 21 (4.4 %) |
| Kidney disease | 14 (3.8 %) | 0 (0 %) | 14 (2.9 %) |
| Health condition | |||
| Hypertension | 112 (30.3 %) | 37 (33.3 %) | 149 (31.0 %) |
| Obesity | 116 (31.4 %) | 22 (19.8 %) | 138 (28.7 %) |
| Glucose impairment | 102 (27.6 %) | 27 (24.3 %) | 129 (26.8 %) |
| Pre-diabetes | 63 (17.0 %) | 21 (18.9 %) | 84 (17.5 %) |
| Diabetes | 39 (10.5 %) | 6 (5.4 %) | 45 (9.4 %) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 54 (14.6 %) | 3 (2.70 %) | 57 (11.9 %) |
| Design parameters | |||
| Neighborhood clusters (k) | 23 | 6 | 29 |
| Median cluster size (IQR) | 12.0 (7.5–19.5) | 16.0 (15–26) | 13.0 (9–21) |
| Cluster size range | 6–49 | 11–32 | 6–49 |
| Participants enrolled | 370 | 111 | 481 |
aOther tribal ethnicities represented in our groups include Luguru, Kilindi, Kurya, Mziguwa, Mnyisanzu, Rangi, Jita, Nyambo, and Kaguru
bIncluded housewives and students
cProfessional included any salaried position (e.g. nurse, teacher, government employee, etc.) and retired persons
dHeart disease included coronary disease, heart failure, or structural diseases