Fig. 5.

a Osteogenesis differentiation. Comparison of cBMMSCs and cADMSCs. Osteogenesis as detected by the formation of mineralized nodules stained with alizarin red at d 21 after induction (a) cBMMSCs^Low, 5X (b) cBMMSCs^High, 5X (c) cADMSCs^Low, 5X (d) cADMSCs^High, 5X. b Graph representing normalized alizarin red staining (indicating the calcium content in the mineralized nodules in the osteocyte differentiated cBMMSCs and cADMSCs from low and high passages). Dotted line indicates the alizarin content in undifferentiated cells normalized to 100. Significantly different values (P < 0.05) represent the comparison between the three time points within a specific group. Identical letters indicate no significance. c The cADMSCs^high have a tendency to undergo adipogenesis and cell senescence in presence of osteogenic differentiation medium. (a) Alizarin red staining – note the lack of staining and mineralized nodules, 10X (b) Oil Red-O staining – note the staining in a focused area during osteogenesis, 20X (c) Calcein am, – note the bright green fluorescence demonstrating viable cells, 10X (d) Propidium iodide – note the red fluorescence demonstrating the dead cells, 10X