Table 3.
Adverse Events
| Outcome | Pooled effect estimate from Randomized, controlled trials | Pooled effect estimate from observational studies |
|---|---|---|
| Mortality | RR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.24–1.28; p = 0.17 484 participants (2 studies) |
RR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.54–1.07; p = 0.10 2624 participants (10 studies) |
| Sepsis | RR, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.52–2.40; p = 0.79 444 participants (3 studies) |
RR, 1.44; 95% CI, 0.72–2.89; p = 0.30 2078 participants (5 studies) |
| Pneumonia | RR, 1.26; 95% CI, 0.74–2.13; p = 0.40 444 participants (3 studies) |
RR, 1.19; 95% CI, 0.74–1.91; p = 0.47 2689 participants (10 studies) |
| Gastrointestinal bleeding | RR, 1.99; 95% CI, 0.74–5.37; p = 0.17 444 participants (3 studies) |
RR, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.13–4.19;p = 0.02 2857 participants (9 studies) |
| Decubitus ulcer | RR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.60–1.46; p = 0.78 379 participants (2 studies) |
RR, 2.07; 95% CI, 0.96–4.45; p = 0.06 218 participants (2 studies) |
| Urinary tract infection | RR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.81–1.27; p = 0.91 444 participants (3 studies) |
RR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.77–1.33; p = 0.92 2449 participants (8 studies) |
| Venous thromboembolism | RR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.41–1.94; p = 0.77 333 participants (1 study) |
RR, 1.10; 95% CI, 0.60–2.00; p = 0.76 2232 participants (5 studies) |
| Surgical site infection | RR, 2.11; 95% CI, 0.81–5.49; p = 0.13 333 participants (1 study) |
RR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.44–1.78; p = 0.73 839 participants (7 studies) |
| Total adverse eventsa | RR, 1.65; 95% CI, 0.62–4.41; p = 0.32 595 participants (4 studies) |
RR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.00–1.52; p = 0.05 3347 participants (14 studies) |
Bolded results = statistically significant.
a
Composite of total adverse events: mortality, sepsis, pneumonia, gastrointestinal bleeding, decubitus ulcer, urinary tract infection, venous thromboembolism, and surgical site infection.
RR = relative risk; CI, confidence interval.