Table 3.
Geometric mean urinary PGE-M according to quintiles of vitamin C and fiber intake
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | P for trend | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total vitamin C1 (mg/d) | <98 | 98-<148 | 148-<249 | 249-<606 | ≥ 606 | |
| Crude | 6.4 (5.7–7.2) | 5.5 (4.9–6.1) | 5.1 (4.6–5.7) | 5.4 (4.9–6.1) | 4.8 (4.3–5.4) | <0.01 |
| Adjusted2 | 5.9 (5.2–6.6) | 5.4 (4.8–6.0) | 5.3 (4.8–6.0) | 5.6 (5.0–6.3) | 5.0 (4.5–5.6) | 0.13 |
|
| ||||||
| Dietary vitamin C (mg/d) | <54 | 54-<80 | 80-<110 | 110-<145 | ≥ 145 | |
| Crude | 6.3 (5.6–7.1) | 5.5 (4.9–6.2) | 5.4 (4.8–6.1) | 5.0 (4.5–5.6) | 5.0 (4.4–5.6) | <0.01 |
| Adjusted | 5.8 (5.2–6.6) | 5.4 (4.8–6.0) | 5.5 (4.9–6.1) | 5.1 (4.5–5.7) | 5.4 (4.7–6.1) | 0.25 |
|
| ||||||
| Dietary fiber3 (g/d) | <11 | 11-<15 | 15-<18 | 18-<23 | ≥ 23 | |
| Crude | 6.5 (5.7–7.2) | 5.5 (5.0–6.2) | 4.9 (4.3–5.5) | 5.4 (4.8–6.0) | 5.0 (4.4–5.6) | <0.01 |
| Adjusted | 6.0 (5.3–6.9) | 5.5 (4.9–6.1) | 5.1 (4.5–5.7) | 5.4 (4.9–6.1) | 5.1 (4.5–5.9) | 0.22 |
|
| ||||||
| Fiber from fruits and vegetables (g/d) | < 4 | 4-<6 | 6-<8 | 8-<11 | ≥ 11 | |
| Crude | 6.3 (5.6–7.0) | 5.4 (4.8–6.1) | 5.2 (4.7–5.9) | 5.2 (4.7–5.8) | 5.0 (4.5–5.7) | <0.01 |
| Adjusted | 6.0 (5.3–6.8) | 5.2 (4.6–5.9) | 5.2 (4.7–5.8) | 5.4 (4.9–6.0) | 5.3 (4.7–6.0) | 0.32 |
1
Vitamin C intake from diet and supplements
2
Estimates were adjusted for age (50-54, 55-59, 60-64, 65-69, or 70-74y), body mass index (BMI; <25, 25-29.9, 30-34.9, or ≥ 35 kg/m2), smoking status (never, past, or current smoking), pill-years of NSAID use (<0.75, 0.75-<14, 14-<49, or ≥ 49), NSAID use in the past 24 hours, energy intake (Q1: <1220, Q2: 1220-<1552, Q3: 1553-<1946, or Q4: ≥ 1946 kcal/d) and percent of energy intake from saturated fat (<8.9, 8.9-10.3, 10.4-12.1, or ≥ 12.2%).
3
Fiber intake from beans, grains as well as fruits and vegetables