. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Jan 1.

Published in final edited form as: Psychol Violence. 2015 Sep 7;6(1):145–155. doi: 10.1037/a0039713

Table 4.

Demographic Characteristics, Lifetime Number of Trauma Types, and Emotional and Behavioral Functioning Estimated for 5-Class LCA Model

Variable	High Exposure	Multi-Epoch Emotional Abuse	Loss/Violence	Emotional Abuse	Low Exposure
Proportion of total sample	5.0%	19.2%	14.5%	10.1%	51.2%

Gender^* ( $χ_{4}^{2} = 79.1$ , R²=0.05, p<0.001)
Male	21.8%	33.1%	51.7%	30.5%	39.6%
Female	78.2%	66.9%	48.3%	69.5%	60.4%
Race/Ethnicity^* ( $χ_{12}^{2} = 30.5$ , R²=0.02, p=0.002)
White (Non-Hispanic) (REF)	50.3%	48.9%	9.1%	54.7%	29.7%
Black/African American (Non-Hispanic) (p<.001)	9.9%	14.8%	20.9%	20.3%	30.6%
Hispanic/Latino (p=.01)	25.5%	30.7%	64.9%	19.8%	34.6%
Other (p=.21)	14.4%	5.6%	5.1%	5.3%	5.1%
Primary Residence^* ( $χ_{16}^{2} = 31.3$ , R²=0.02, p=0.012)
Home with parent(s) (REF)	43.2%	45.7%	71.1%	51.2%	72.4%
With relatives (p=.38)	10.8%	13.2%	14.0%	17.1%	12.1%
Foster Care (p=.02)	11.5%	14.4%	1.1%	15.9%	6.6%
Residential treatment/Correctional facility (p<.001)	28.2%	17.2%	10.1%	12.0%	3.7%
Other (p=.24)	6.2%	9.4%	3.6%	3.8%	5.3%
Lifetime Number of Trauma Types, M (SD)^*	10.0 (0.20)	5.0 (0.10)	5.4 (0.14)	6.1 (0.17)	2.2 (0.05)
CBCL, M (SE)
Externalizing Behavior Problems^* ( $χ_{4}^{2} = 21.9$ , p<0.001)	66.7 (1.4)	63.4 (0.73)	65.1 (0.99)	65.4 (1.03)	61.0 (0.46)
Internalizing Behavior Problems ( $χ_{4}^{2} = 10.3$ , p=0.035)	67.8 (1.31)	63.6 (0.71)	63.5 (1.15)	63.0 (1.10)	60.9 (0.49)
Total Behavior Problems^* ( $χ_{4}^{2} = 18.8$ , p=0.001)	67.7 (1.34)	64.3 (0.69)	65.0 (0.96)	66.0 (0.98)	61.9 (0.44)
CBCL Scores - Clinical Range
Externalizing Behavior Problems ^* ( $χ_{4}^{2} = 10.8$ , R²=0.01, p=0.03)	70.2%	53.5%	58.1%	72.6%	43.5%
Internalizing Behavior Problems ^* ( $χ_{4}^{2} = 25.5$ , R²=0.02, p<0.001)	70.6%	54.4%	54.2%	54.5%	42.4%
Total Behavior Problems ^* ( $χ_{4}^{2} = 10.7$ , R²=0.01, p=.03)	75.7%	62.5%	59.8%	73.7%	48.5%
UCLA PTSD-RI Overall Score, M (SE)^* ( $χ_{4}^{2} = 27.3$ , p<0.001)	37.0 (1.57)	27.8 (0.94)	27.4 (1.06)	25.7 (1.32)	25.2 (0.58)
UCLA PTSD-RI Scores – Clinical Range
Re-experiencing^*( $χ_{4}^{2} = 48.6$ , R²=0.04, p<0.001)	89.1%	77.2%	79.6%	75.2%	73.8%
Avoidance^*( $χ_{4}^{2} = 66.0$ , R²=0.05, p<0.001)	83.6%	56.2%	51.8%	48.9%	50.3%
Hyperarousal^*( $χ_{4}^{2} = 49.3$ , R²=0.04, p<0.001)	95.4%	81.1%	83.5%	79.3%	73.0%
Overall Score^*( $χ_{4}^{2} = 58.8$ , R²=0.04, p<0.001)	57.3%	29.4%	26.1%	19.9%	20.9%
Risk Behaviors
Alcohol/Substance Abuse^*( $χ_{4}^{2} = 89.6$ , R²=0.06, p<0.001)	34.5%	14.1%	18.5%	18.3%	21.0%
Suicidality^*( $χ_{4}^{2} = 53.0$ , R²=0.04, p<0.001)	42.6%	34.1%	22.5%	28.4%	20.5%
Self-injurious Behaviors^*( $χ_{4}^{2} = 58.6$ , R²=0.04, p<0.001)	27.1%	25.1%	10.2%	23.0%	13.6%

Note. Estimates are based on multinomial logistic regression analysis of class membership with associated demographic characteristic.

Indicates class membership statistically depended on indicator in multinomial logistic models. p values reported assume the Low Exposure group as the reference class. CBCL=Child Behavior Checklist.