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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2016 Jan 7;50:95–104. doi: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.12.015

Figure 4. Arrestin mediated signaling.

Figure 4

A) Arrestins extend the GPCR signaling pathway beyond G proteins by scaffolding with kinases. GPCR ligand activation induces receptor conformational changes that can result in arrestin signaling activation. Arrestin mediated signaling is independent of G protein coupling and can regulate diverse cellular processes. B) Arrestins regulate protein spatiotemporal distribution. GPCR stimulation promotes ERK activation via G protein mediated mechanisms. This pathway promotes nuclear translocation of ERK and subsequent activation of downstream transcription factors. Arrestin mediates an alternative pathway wherein ERK complexes with GPCR-bound arrestin. Vesicle-bound ERK is sequestered in the cytoplasm and activates a separate set of effectors.