Table 2. Echocardiographic imaging and data analysis parameters.
| Study | Year | n | Vendor (Machine) | Software (version) | Probe | Frame rate (FR) (Range) |
FR/HR | Tissue tracking | Location of strain valuealong strain curve | Apical views (Segments) |
Short axis views (Segments) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bussadori et al.7 | 2008 | 15 | Esaote (MyLab 50) | XStrain | NS | 30 | NS | Endomyocardial | NS | Apical 4-chamber (6) | NA |
| Lorch et al.8 | 2009 | 284 | Siemens (NS) | VVI | 5-10 | 69 - 112 | > 0.7 | Endomyocardial | Systolic | Apical 4-chamber (6) | NA |
| Pettersen et al.9 | 2009 | 22 | GE (Vivid 7) | GE EP (NS) | NS | 69 - 112 | NS | Endomyocardial | Systolic | Three Apical views (18) | A,M,B (18) |
| Roberson et al.10 | 2009 | 46 | Philips (iE33) | Philips (Q-lab) | NS | 100 | > 0.7 | NS | NS | Apical 4-chamber (6) | NA |
| Cheung et al. 11 | 2010 | 44 | GE (Vivid 7) | GE EP (NS) | NS | NS | NS | Epi-endoc | Systolic | Apical 4-chamber (6) | M (6) |
| Koh et al. 12 | 2010 | 9 | GE (Vivid 7) | GE EP (NS) | 4.4 - 10 | 60 - 80 | NS | NS | NS | Apical 4-chamber (6) | A,M,B (18) |
| Moiduddin et al.13 | 2010 | 13 | GE (Vivid 7/Vivid I) | GE EP (108.1.0) | 5- 7 | 60 - 100 | > 0.7 | Epi-endoc | Systolic | Apical 4-chamber (6) | NA |
| Singh et al.14 | 2010 | 20 | GE (Vivid 7) | GE EP (NS) | 5 | 60 - 90 | > 0.7 | Endomyocardial | Systolic | Three Apical views (18) | A,M,B (18) |
| Yu et al.15 | 2010 | 35 | GE (Vivid 7) | GE EP (7.0) | 5- 7 | 40 - 100 | 0.5 - 0.9 | Epi-endoc | NS | Three Apical views (18) | M,B (12) |
| Marcus et al.16 | 2011 | 139 | GE (Vivid 7) | GE EP (6.1.0) | 3- 5 | 40 - 80 | 0.5 - 0.9 | Endomyocardial | ESS | Apical 4-chamber (6) | M,B (12) |
| Takayasu et al.17 | 2011 | 27 | GE (Vivid 7) | GE EP (108.1.4) | 4 - 5 | 70 - 90 | NS | Endomyocardial | ESS | Apical 4-chamber (6) | M,B (12) |
| Blanc et al.18 | 2012 | 29 | GE (Vivid 7) | GE EP (6.1.0) | 5 | 75 - 125 | > 0.7 | Endomyocardial | NS | Apical 4-chamber (6) | M,B (12) |
| Di Salvo et al.19 | 2012 | 45 | GE (Vivid 7) | GE EP (6.0) | 5 | 70 - 100 | > 0.7 | Epi-endoc | Systolic | Three Apical views (18) ** | M,B (12) |
| Fernandes et al.20 | 2012 | 71 | GE (Vivid 7) | GE EP (6.0.1) | NS | 59 - 91 | NR | Endomyocardial | Peak | Three Apical views (18) | NA |
| Hirth et al.21 | 2012 | 34 | GE (Vivid 7) | GE EP (NS) | 3 - 5 | 60 - 90 | > 0.7 | Endomyocardial | Systolic | Apical 4-chamber (6) | NA |
| Koenigstein et al.22 | 2012 | 25 | GE (Vivid 7) | GE EP (NS) | 2.5 - 3.5 | 60 | NS | NS | NS | Apical 4-chamber (6) | NA |
| Malev et al.23 | 2012 | 60 | GE (Vivid 7) | GE EP (BT 08) | 3.5 | 50 | > 0.7 | NS | ESS | Three Apical views (18) | A,M,B (18) |
| Poterucha et al.24 | 2012 | 19 | GE (Vivid 7) | GE EP (NS) | 5 | 50 -85 | > 0.7 | NS | ESS | Three apical views (18) | NA |
| Sato et al.25 | 2012 | 180 | GE (Vivid 7) | GE EP (NS) | NS | 80 | > 0.7 | Epi-endoc | NS | NA | M (6) |
| Takigiku et al.26 | 2012 | 100 | GE (Vivid 7 or 9) / Philips (iE33) / Toshiba (Artida or Aplio) | GE EP (110.13) / Philips Q-lab (7.1) / Toshiba (UE) | NS | 52-65 | NS | Epi-endoc | NS | Three apical views (18) | A,M,B (18) |
| Barbosa et al.27 | 2013 | 46 | GE (Vivid 7) | GE EP (NS) | 3 - 7 | 44 | 0.5 | Endomyocardial | Systolic | Three apical views (18) | NA |
| Binnetoglu et al.28 | 2013 | 25 | GE (Vivid 7) | GE EP (NS) | NS | 60 - 90 | > 0.7 | Endomyocardial | Systolic | Three apical views (18) ** | A,M,B (18) |
| Dogan et al.29 | 2013 | 52 | GE (Vivid 7) | GE EP (6.3.6) | 3 - 7 | 40 | < 0.5 | Endomyocardial | NS | Apical 4-chamber (6) | A,B (12) |
| Elkiran et al.30 | 2008 | 117 | Esaote (MyLab 50) | XStrain | NS | 50-70 | NS | Endomyocardial | NS | Three Apical views (18) | M (6) |
| Gziri et al.31 | 2013 | 62 | GE (Vivid 7) | GE EP (7.0) | 4 - 7 | 50 - 90 | > 0.5 | Endomyocardial | Systolic | Apical 4-chamber (6) | M (6) |
| Hauser et al.32 | 2013 | 26 | GE (Vivid 7) | GE EP (BT 08) | 4- 5 | 50 - 90 | > 0.7 | NS | NS | Apical 4-chamber (6) | NA |
| Klitsie et al.33 | 2013 | 172 | GE (Vivid 7) | GE EP (11.1.8) | 5- 10 | 44 - 155 | > 0.5 | Endomyocardial | Peak | Three apical views (18) ** | M (6) |
| McCandless et al.34 | 2013 | 20 | Siemens (NS) | Syngo (VVI) | NS | NS | NS | Endomyocardial | NS | Apical 4-chamber (6) | M (6) |
| Ryan et al.35 | 2013 | 61 | GE (Vivid 7) / Phillips (iE33) | TomTec | NS | 50 - 100 | > 0.5 | Endomyocardial | NS | NA | M (6) |
| Schubert et al.36 | 2013 | 30 | GE (Vivid 7) | GE EP (NS) | 1.5 - 10.5 | 176 - 200 | NS | Endomyocardial | Systolic | Apical 4-chamber (6) | NA |
| Sehgal et al.37 | 2013 | 21 | GE (Vivid 7) | GE EP (NS) | 10 | > 80 | NS | Endomyocardial | NS | Apical 4-chamber (6) | NA |
| Simsek et al.38 | 2013 | 20 | GE (Vivid 7) | GE EP (NS) | 2.5 | 60 - 100 | > 0.7 | Endomyocardial | Systolic | Three apical views (18) ** | NA |
| Van der Ende et al.39 | 2013 | 40 | GE (Vivid 7) | GE EP (06) | NS | > 45 | NS | Endomyocardial | NS | Three Apical views (18) | NA |
| Black et al.40 | 2014 | 37 | Phillips (iE33) | Philips QLAB (8.1) | 5 - 7 | NS | NS | NS | NS | Apical 4-chamber (6) | NA |
| Labombarda et al.41 | 2014 | 79 | Phillips (iE33) | Philips QLAB (6.0) | 5 | > 50 | > 0.7 | Endomyocardial | Systolic | Three Apical views (18) | M (6) |
| Laser et al.42 | 2014 | 29 | GE (Vivid 7) | GE EP (6.1.2) | 5 | 55 - 90 | 0.5-0.9 | NS | NS | Apical 4-chamber (6) | M (6) |
| Li et al.43 | 2014 | 35 | GE (Vivid 7) | GE EP (BT06) | 3 - 7 | 60 - 90 | 0.7-0.9 | Endomyocardial | NS | Apical 4-chamber (6) | M (6) |
| Mangner et al.44 | 2014 | 40 | GE (Vivid 7) | GE EP (113) | NS | 40 - 80 | > 0.6 | NS | NS | Three Apical views (18) | M (6) |
| Sanchez et al.45 | 2014 | 14 | GE (Vivid 7) | GE EP (6.0.1) | 5 | 60 - 90 | NS | Endomyocardial | Systolic | Three Apical views (18) | NA |
| Vitarelli et al.46 | 2014 | 40 | GE (Vivid 9) | GE EP (BT12) | 5 | > 50 | > 0.7 | NS | Systolic | Three Apical views (17) | A,M,B (18) |
| Al-Biltagi et al.47 | 2015 | 45 | GE (Vivid 7) | GE EP (NS) | 5 | > 65 | > 0.5 | NS | Systolic | Three Apical views (18) | NA |
| Burkett et al.48 | 2015 | 53 | GE (Vivid 7 or 9) | GE EP (113) | 3-5 | NS | NS | Endomyocardial | Systolic/ESS | Apical 4-chamber (6) | M (6) |
| Sainz et al.49 | 2015 | 58 | Phillips (CX50) | Philips QLAB (7.1) | 5 | 30 - 60 | 0.4 – 0.8 | Endomyocardial | NS | Three Apical views (18) | NA |
NS, Not specified, NA, Not applicable; FR/H, frame rate to heart rate ratio;
GE, General electric; EP, Echo PAC; UE, Ultra-Extend Toshiba; VVI, vector velocity imaging; AS, Acuson Sequoia,
A, apex; M, mid-ventricular; B, base
Epi-endoc, Epicardial-endocardial
Peak strain point; The peak strain may coincide with the A) Systolic (s), before the closure of the AV valve; B) End-systolic peak (ESS), at the closure of the AV valve, or C) ‘Post-systolic strain’ (PSS), after aortic valve closure. Manuscripts either (1) described the strain measurement point as one of the three locations along the curve, (2) failed to specify, or (3) only mentioned the use of “peak” strain, without specification of location.