Table 2.
Sample Characteristics by Metropolitan Status
| Rural (N=2,747) | Small Urban (N=16,014) | Large Urban (13,275) | Pa | Pb | Pc | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-medical prescription opioid use (past year) | 6.68 | (.627) | 5.97 | (.250) | 5.29 | (.276) | .269 | .042 | .073 |
| INDIVIDUAL CIRCUMSTANCES | |||||||||
| Demographic Characteristics | |||||||||
| Age | 14.69 | (.044) | 14.62 | (1.839) | 14.65 | (.017) | .166 | .423 | .265 |
| Sex (Female) | 49.08 | (1.336) | 50.22 | (.624) | 48.72 | (.567) | .487 | .800 | .048 |
| Race/Ethnicity | |||||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 77.07 | (1.691) | 64.91 | (.775) | 48.52 | (.698) | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 |
| Non-Hispanic black | 9.27 | (1.304) | 10.94 | (.579) | 15.82 | (.476) | .217 | <.001 | <.001 |
| Hispanic | 8.17 | (1.176) | 17.24 | (.711) | 25.59 | (.575) | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 |
| Other Race | 5.49 | (.670) | 6.91 | (.283) | 10.07 | (.355) | .052 | <.001 | <.001 |
| Number of people in household | 4.25 | (.040) | 4.31 | (.013) | 4.32 | (.014) | .151 | .067 | .452 |
| Socioeconomic Status | |||||||||
| Family Income (annual) | |||||||||
| < $20,000 | 21.12 | (1.451) | 16.79 | (.474) | 15.91 | (.483) | .004 | .002 | .158 |
| $20,000 < $40,000 | 23.93 | (1.336) | 21.22 | (.504) | 18.82 | (.489) | .043 | .001 | <.001 |
| $40,000 < $75,000 | 34.61 | (1.288) | 28.19 | (.518) | 25.06 | (.651) | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 |
| ≥ $75,000 | 20.34 | (1.206) | 33.79 | (.738) | 40.22 | (.705) | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 |
| Family receives public assistance | 24.39 | (1.429) | 22.13 | (.643) | 19.88 | (.489) | .119 | .005 | .007 |
| Adolescent has health insurance | 91.57 | (.947) | 93.51 | (.338) | 93.69 | (.347) | .072 | .036 | .719 |
| Delinquency and Substance Use History | |||||||||
| Ever been arrested and booked | 6.22 | (.569) | 5.24 | (.231) | 5.93 | (.262) | .104 | .611 | .065 |
| Committed crime past year | 20.37 | (1.080) | 18.96 | (.426) | 18.95 | (.441) | .213 | .215 | .988 |
| Perceived substance use risk index (higher score=greater risk) | 25.88 | (.162) | 26.20 | (.055) | 26.20 | (.060) | .074 | .088 | .959 |
| Regular cigarette smoker (avg. 1+ cig per day) | 8.28 | (.712) | 6.07 | (.283) | 4.48 | (.204) | .005 | <.001 | <.001 |
| Binge drinking in past year | 9.97 | (.851) | 7.29 | (.243) | 7.15 | (.266) | .002 | .004 | .724 |
| Marijuana use in past year | 12.40 | (.925) | 14.24 | (.411) | 14.45 | (.303) | .066 | .031 | .679 |
| Illicit drug use in past year (except marijuana) | 5.66 | (.631) | 5.04 | (.251) | 5.46 | (.273) | .363 | .778 | .246 |
| Misuse of non-opioid medications in past-year | 3.24 | (.468) | 2.86 | (.166) | 2.95 | (.184) | .461 | .543 | .671 |
| Clinical Characteristics | |||||||||
| Poor/fair self-rated health | 4.56 | (.458) | 3.66 | (.231) | 3.34 | (.167) | .063 | .012 | .280 |
| Major depressive episode in past year | 7.61 | (.776) | 9.28 | (.324) | 9.13 | (.345) | .059 | .082 | .746 |
| Physician diagnosed anxiety in past year | 2.66 | (.391) | 3.06 | (.181) | 2.39 | (.160) | .350 | .490 | .011 |
| Treated in ER at least once in past year | 36.03 | (1.353) | 32.19 | (.528) | 29.75 | (.472) | .002 | <.001 | <.001 |
| Overnight hosp. for emotional prob. in past year | 2.09 | (.297) | 1.76 | (.130) | 1.58 | (.135) | .310 | .098 | .332 |
| SOCIAL FACTORS | |||||||||
| Both parents living in household | 70.14 | (1.316) | 69.36 | (.467) | 70.69 | (.531) | .566 | .697 | .057 |
| Parent involvement index (higher score=more involvement) | 14.34 | (.108) | 14.41 | (.043) | 14.46 | (.046) | .534 | .299 | .320 |
| Parent disapproval toward substance use index (higher score=greater disapproval) | 7.46 | (.043) | 7.49 | (.014) | 7.51 | (.016) | .466 | .206 | .314 |
| School connectedness index (higher score=stronger connection) | 9.73 | (.104) | 10.05 | (.040) | 10.13 | (.041) | .008 | <.001 | .096 |
| School, comm., faith-based act. in past year | 93.03 | (.812) | 93.39 | (.226) | 94.21 | (.312) | .674 | .153 | .050 |
| School-based prev. classes/activities in past year | 68.19 | (1.373) | 70.91 | (.546) | 71.96 | (.505) | .083 | .011 | .136 |
| Peer substance use index (higher score=greater peer substance use) | 3.55 | (.072) | 3.92 | (.028) | 3.95 | (.035) | <.001 | <.001 | .548 |
| Friends’ disapproval toward substance use index (higher score=greater disapproval) | 6.11 | (.083) | 6.07 | (.028) | 6.06 | (.032) | .615 | .539 | .807 |
| Religious service attendance in past year | |||||||||
| ≤ 2 times | 44.58 | (1.410) | 45.73 | (.643) | 47.08 | (.669) | .466 | .115 | .137 |
| 3 ≤ 24 times | 19.83 | (.915) | 20.76 | (.433) | 23.02 | (.501) | .401 | .004 | <.001 |
| ≥ 25 times | 35.58 | (1.389) | 33.51 | (.639) | 29.91 | (.518) | .205 | <.001 | <.001 |
| Religious beliefs importance index (higher score=more imp) | 5.34 | (.078) | 5.00 | (.028) | 4.79 | (.027) | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 |
| Lack of social/emotional support | 4.30 | (.703) | 3.48 | (.197) | 4.04 | (.253) | .283 | .720 | .089 |
| Moved in past 5 years | 39.89 | (1.538) | 45.89 | (.530) | 44.15 | (.620) | <.001 | .016 | .033 |
| COMMUNITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES | |||||||||
| App. by person selling illicit drugs, past 30 days | 9.65 | (.770) | 12.83 | (.381) | 15.20 | (.445) | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 |
| Illicit drug access index (higher score=greater access) | 5.92 | (.136) | 6.54 | (.061) | 6.63 | (.063) | <.001 | <.001 | 0.260 |
| Part. non-school prev./counseling past year | 37.65 | (1.394) | 36.28 | (.563) | 36.12 | (.592) | .346 | .335 | .853 |
| Exposed to non-school drug/alcohol prevention messages past year | 72.26 | (1.174) | 76.12 | (.427) | 77.10 | (.379) | .003 | <.001 | .087 |
N=32,036; percentages/means and standard errors reported; weighted
a
P value for adjusted Wald test of difference between rural and small urban; 2-tailed tests
b
P value for adjusted Wald test of difference between rural and large urban; 2-tailed tests
c
P value for adjusted Wald test of difference between small urban and large urban; 2-tailed tests