Table 3.
Odds Ratios and 95% Confidence Intervals From Binary Logistic Regression Models Predicting Past-Year POM
| Unadjusted Models | Fully Adjusted Model | Excluding Other Substance Use | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UOR | 95% CI | P | AOR | 95% CI | P | AOR | 95% CI | P | |
| Metropolitan Status (rural=ref) | |||||||||
| Small Urban | 0.888 | (0.721–1.094) | .261 | 0.898 | (0.694–1.161) | .408 | 0.877 | (0.699–1.100) | .254 |
| Large Urban | 0.782 | (0.629–0.971) | .026 | 0.742 | (0.571–0.963) | .025 | 0.758 | (0.604–0.950) | .017 |
| INDIVIDUAL CIRCUMSTANCES | |||||||||
| Demographic Characteristics | |||||||||
| Age | 1.378 | (1.323–1.434) | <.001 | 1.024 | (0.963–1.088) | .449 | 1.109 | (1.050–1.172) | <.001 |
| Sex (Female) | 1.137 | (1.005–1.286) | .041 | 1.180 | (1.016–1.371) | .030 | 1.313 | (1.137–1.517) | <.001 |
| Race/Ethnicity (white=ref) | |||||||||
| Non-Hispanic black | 0.937 | (0.781–1.124) | .481 | 1.272 | (1.038–1.559) | .021 | 0.858 | (0.699–1.053) | .141 |
| Hispanic | 0.945 | (0.790–1.131) | .535 | 1.015 | (0.798–1.293) | .900 | 0.855 | (0.699–1.060) | .152 |
| Other Race | 0.641 | (0.467–0.881) | .007 | 0.780 | (0.571–1.065) | .117 | 0.733 | (0.536–1.002) | .051 |
| Number of people in household | 0.924 | (0.068–0.983) | .013 | 1.031 | (0.957–1.112) | .420 | 1.015 | (0.948–1.086) | .675 |
| Socioeconomic Status | |||||||||
| Family Income (annual) (> $75,000=ref) | |||||||||
| < $20,000 | 1.590 | (1.347–1.977) | <.001 | 1.082 | (0.802–1.460) | .604 | 1.030 | (0.787–1.348) | .829 |
| $20,000 < $40,000 | 1.478 | (1.259–1.735) | <.001 | 1.077 | (0.846–1.371) | .543 | 1.078 | (0.876–1.327) | .475 |
| $40,000 < $75,000 | 1.320 | (1.117–1.560) | .001 | 1.092 | (0.883–1.350) | .413 | 1.107 | (0.915–1.339) | .293 |
| Family receives public assistance | 1.313 | (1.150–1.499) | <.001 | 0.984 | (0.792–1.223) | .883 | 0.994 | (0.816–1.211) | .952 |
| Has health insurance | 0.775 | (0.593–1.012) | .061 | 0.937 | (0.661–1.330) | .714 | 0.942 | (0.680–1.305) | .717 |
| Delinquency and other Substance Use | |||||||||
| Ever been arrested and booked | 5.056 | (4.224–6.051) | <.001 | 1.202 | (0.950–1.521) | .123 | 1.703 | (1.369–2.118) | <.001 |
| Criminal behavior in past year | 4.738 | (4.151–5.409) | <.001 | 1.761 | (1.484–2.090) | <.001 | 2.321 | (1.978–2.723) | <.001 |
| Perceived substance use risk | 0.923 | (0.914–0.931) | <.001 | 0.979 | (0.965–0.993) | .005 | 0.953 | (0.942–0.965) | <.001 |
| Smokes avg. of 1+ cig/day | 11.130 | (9.429–13.139) | <.001 | 1.521 | (1.197–1.933) | .001 | ----- | ----- | ----- |
| Binge drinker in past year | 7.743 | (6.551–9.153) | <.001 | 1.445 | (1.142–1.829) | .002 | ----- | ----- | ----- |
| Marijuana use in past year | 10.548 | (9.334–11.919) | <.001 | 2.462 | (2.022–2.999) | <.001 | ----- | ----- | ----- |
| Illicit drug use in past year | 13.528 | (11.48–15.94) | <.001 | 2.224 | (1.770–2.793) | <.001 | ----- | ----- | ----- |
| Misuse of non-opioid medications in past-year | 36.560 | (29.83–44.80) | <.001 | 6.992 | (5.598–8.733) | <.001 | ----- | ----- | ----- |
| Clinical Characteristics | |||||||||
| Poor/fair self-rated health | 2.118 | (1.619–2.771) | <.001 | 1.299 | (0.925–1.826) | .130 | 1.302 | (0.952–1.779) | .098 |
| Depressive episode past year | 3.036 | (2.589–3.560) | <.001 | 1.469 | (1.191–1.812) | <.001 | 1.615 | (1.332–1.959) | <.001 |
| Anxiety in past year | 3.690 | (2.957–4.605) | <.001 | 0.967 | (0.698–1.338) | .838 | 1.311 | (1.021–1.684) | .034 |
| Treated in ER in past year | 1.703 | (1.503–1.930) | <.001 | 1.259 | (1.068–1.485) | .007 | 1.210 | (1.046–1.401) | .011 |
| Hospitalized for emotional treatment in past year | 3.713 | (2.688–5.130) | <.001 | 1.480 | (1.009–2.172) | .045 | 1.566 | (1.087–2.257) | .017 |
| SOCIAL FACTORS | |||||||||
| Both parents living in household | 0.688 | (0.595–0.796) | <.001 | 0.953 | (0.770–1.180) | .658 | 0.934 | (0.762–1.144) | .507 |
| Parenting involvement index | 0.891 | (0.877–0.905) | <.001 | 0.985 | (0.964–1.006) | .165 | 0.981 | (0.963–1.000) | .051 |
| Parents’ attitudes toward substance use index | 0.743 | (0.721–0.764) | <.001 | 0.970 | (0.932–1.010) | .135 | 0.916 | (0.887–0.947) | <.001 |
| School connectedness index | 0.926 | (0.914–0.939) | <.001 | 1.005 | (0.983–1.029) | .643 | 1.006 | (0.985–1.027) | .578 |
| Participation in school, comm, faith-based act. in past year | 0.550 | (0.445–0.681) | <.001 | 1.360 | (0.993–1.861) | .055 | 1.092 | (0.848–1.407) | .492 |
| School-based prevention classes or activities in past year | 0.784 | (0.677–0.909) | .001 | 0.921 | (0.770–1.101) | .361 | 0.940 | (0.793–1.114) | .471 |
| Peer substance use index | 1.322 | (1.282–1.362) | <.001 | 1.055 | (1.013–1.099) | .010 | 1.077 | (1.040–1.116) | <.001 |
| Friends’ attitudes toward substance use index | 0.755 | (0.739–0.771) | <.001 | 0.978 | (0.948–1.010) | .175 | 0.916 | (0.891–0.943) | <.001 |
| Religious service attendance in past year (≥ 25 times=ref) | |||||||||
| ≤ 2 times | 1.882 | (1.564–2.265) | <.001 | 1.024 | (0.817–1.283) | .837 | 1.078 | (0.867–1.341) | .496 |
| 3 ≤ 24 times | 1.608 | (1.294–1.998) | <.001 | 1.034 | (0.808–1.322) | .790 | 1.150 | (0.908–1.458) | .244 |
| Religious belief importance index | 0.849 | (0.828–0.870) | <.001 | 0.987 | (0.956–1.018) | .396 | 0.971 | (0.944–0.999) | .042 |
| Lack of social/emotional support | 2.414 | (1.896–3.074) | <.001 | 1.139 | (0.816–1.590) | .441 | 1.093 | (0.832–1.435) | .520 |
| Moved in past 5 years | 1.409 | (1.247–1.592) | <.001 | 1.011 | (0.872–1.173) | .881 | 1.044 | (0.902–1.210) | .558 |
| COMMUNITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES | |||||||||
| Approached by someone selling illicit drugs in past 30 days | 5.605 | (4.860–6.463) | <.001 | 1.114 | (0.916–1.356) | .278 | 1.953 | (1.657–2.302) | <.001 |
| Illicit drug access index | 1.124 | (1.111–1.138) | <.001 | 1.025 | (1.008–1.042) | .005 | 1.034 | (1.019–1.049) | <.001 |
| Participated in prevention/counseling prog past year | 0.966 | (0.848–1.100) | .848 | 1.025 | (0.876–1.198) | .756 | 0.971 | (0.839–1.244) | .695 |
| Exposure to drug/alcohol prevention messages outside of school in past year | 0.835 | (0.706–0.988) | .036 | 0.883 | (0.726–1.074) | .210 | 0.931 | (0.773–1.121) | .448 |
N=32,036; weighted
UOR = Unadjusted Odds Ratio; AOR = Adjusted Odds Ratio; CI = Confidence Interval; 2-tailed tests