. 2016 Mar 7;10:84. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00084

Table 5.

Effect of Panax quinquefolius (GIN) on oxidative stress markers evaluated biochemically and its interaction with GABA modulators in 72-h sleep deprived animals.

S. No	Treatment groups (mg/kg)	LPO (Moles of MDA/mg protein (% of naive)	GSH (μmoles of GSH/ mg protein (% of naive)	Catalase (μmoles of H₂O₂/min/mg protein(% of naive)	Nitrite (μg/ml (% of naive)	SOD (Units/mg protein (% of naive)
1	Naïve	0.204 ± 0.03 (100)	0.079 ± 0.001 (100)	0.737 ± 0.07 (100)	323.79 ± 4.58 (100)	56.71 ± 2.79 (100)
2	Control (SD-72 h)	0.728 ± 0.02^a (356.86)	0.0125 ± 0.002^a (15.82)	0.175 ± 0.0291^a (23.74)	720.96 ± 5.89^a (222.66)	12.89 ± 3.11^a (22.72)
3	GIN (50)	0.623 ± 0.04^a (305.39)	0.0203 ± 0.001^a (25.69)	0.292 ± 0.032^a (39.62)	693.56 ± 8.56^a (214.200)	16.32 ± 2.79^a (28.77)
4	GIN (100)	0.436 ± 0.010^b^,^c (213.72)	0.0449 ± 0.001^b^,^c (56.83)	0.572±0.02^b^,^c (77.61)	535.52 ± 6.39^b^,^c (165.39)	33.39 ± 1.44^b^,^c (58.87)
5	GIN (200)	0.397 ± 0.01^b^,^c (194.60)	0.0560 ± 0.003^b^,^c (70.88)	0.615 ± 0.023^b^,^c (83.44)	505.56 ± 5.40^b^,^c (156.13)	41.47 ± 2.77^b^,^c (73.12)
6	PTX (0.5)	0.734 ± 0.04^a (359.80)	0.0120 ± 0.003^a (15.18)	0.163 ± 0.02^a (22.11)	729.63 ± 7.58^a (225.34)	11.33 ± 3.14^a (19.97)
7	PTX (0.5) + GIN (100)	0.655 ± 0.01^a^,^d (321.07)	0.0175 ± 0.003^a^,^d (25.15)	0.227 ± 0.01^a^,^d (30.80)	705.08 ± 4.78^a^,^d (217.76)	17.44 ± 4.2^a^,^d (30.75)
8	FLU (0.5)	0.720 ± 0.02^a (352.94)	0.0130 ± 0.001^a (16.45)	0.177 ± 0.02^a (24.01)	722.65 ± 5.25^a (223.18)	13.77 ± 1.44^a (24.28)
9	FLU (0.5) + GIN (100)	0.679 ± 0.01^a^,^d (332.84)	0.0193 ± 0.003^a^,^d (24.43)	0.229 ± 0.03^a^,^d (31.07)	699.54 ± 4.69^a^,^d (216.04)	16.12 ± 2.11^a^,^d (28.42)
10	MUS (0.05)	0.633 ± 0.07^a (310.29)	0.0216 ± 0.005^a (27.34)	0.275 ± 0.04^a (37.31)	695.93 ± 5.96^a (214.93)	15.56 ± 2.33^a (27.43)
11	MUS (0.05) + GIN (100)	0.258 ± 0.01^b^,^d^,^e (126.47)	0.0771 ± 0.001^b^,^d^,^e (97.59)	0.726 ± 0.01^b^,^d^,^e (98.50)	362.81 ± 5.81^b^,^d^,^e (112.05)	50.81 ± 1.41^b^,^d^,^e (89.59)

Values are expressed as mean ± SEM.

p < 0.05 as compared with naive,

p < 0.05 as compared with control (SD-72),

p < 0.05 as compared with GIN (50 mg/kg),

p < 0.05 as compared with GIN (100 mg/kg),

p < 0.05 as compared with MUS (0.05 mg/kg).

(One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test). SD-72, Sleep deprivation of 72-h; GIN, Panax quinquefolius (American ginseng); PTX, Picrotoxin; FLU, Flumazenil; MUS, Muscimol.