fMRI |
Voss et al., 2010b |
Aerobic walking older adults |
Non-aerobic stretching older adults |
Walking |
1 year |
Digit span task, Task switching, Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST), Spatial memory |
Default mode network, frontal executive (FE) network, frontal parietal (FP) network |
fMRI |
Voss et al., 2010a |
Healthy elderly adults |
– |
Aerobic fitness |
– |
Task switching, Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST), Spatial memory |
Default mode network |
fMRI |
Taubert et al., 2011 |
Young adults-motor training |
Yong adults-no training |
Dynamic balancing task |
6 weeks |
Acquired motor skill |
Increased fronto-parietal network connectivity |
fMRI |
Voss et al., 2011 |
Higher-fit children |
Lower-fit children |
Aerobic fitness |
– |
Cognitive control task |
Dorsal anterior cingulate, putamen, central opercular |
fMRI |
Zlatar et al., 2013 |
Physically active older adults |
Sedentary older adults |
– |
– |
Semantic fluency task |
Attention and language networks |
fMRI |
Wei et al., 2013 |
Tai Chi Chuan (TCC) practitioners |
TCC-naïve Controls |
Long term TCC |
– |
Attention network test |
Thicker cortex in left medial occipito-temporal sulcus and lingual sulcus |
fMRI |
Wei et al., 2014 |
Aging TCC practitioners |
Aging TCC-naïve controls |
Long term TCC |
– |
Attention network test |
Increased functional homogeneity in the post-central gyrus (PosCG) |
fMRI |
Smith et al., 2013 |
MCI-exercise |
Normal control-exercise |
Treadmill walking |
12 weeks |
Semantic memory task |
Frontal, temporal and parietal lobes |
fMRI |
Suzuki et al., 2013 |
MCI-exercise |
MCI-naive |
Multicomponent exercise |
6 months |
MMSE, ADAS-Cog, logical memory |
Medial temporal areas including entorhinal cortex |
EEG |
Fong et al., 2014 |
Physically active older adults |
Sedentary older adults |
Endurance exercise, TCC |
Long term exercise |
Task-switching task |
Frontal, central and parietal midline sites |
EEG |
Chang et al., 2015 |
Young adults with antecedent exercise |
Young adults without antecedent exercise |
Acute cycling exercise |
– |
Attention network test |
Three attentional networks: alerting, orienting, and executive control |
EEG |
Luque-Casado et al., 2015 |
High-fit young adults |
Low-fit young adults |
Aerobic fitness |
– |
The Psychomotor Vigilance Task |
Attentional networks |
EEG |
Smallwood et al., 2015 |
High-activity young adults |
Low-activity young adults |
Aerobic fitness |
– |
Visual-evoked potentials (VEPs) |
Visual sensory long-term potentiation (LTP) |
EEG |
Bullock et al., 2015 |
High-intensity exercise |
Low-intensity exercise |
Acute bouts of aerobic physical exercise |
– |
Perceptual and cognitive processes |
Parietal electrodes |
EEG |
Gajewski and Falkenstein, 2015 |
Active aging |
Inactive aging |
Lifelong habitual physical activity |
– |
Memory-based task switching |
Frontal electrodes |
EEG |
Hogan et al., 2015 |
High-fit adolescent |
Low-fit adolescent |
Aerobic fitness |
– |
An executive function task |
Frontal area |
MEG |
Douw et al., 2014 |
Healthy persons |
– |
Physical fitness |
– |
Dutch intelligence test |
Increased intermodular connectivity in the beta band |
PET |
Schultz et al., 2015 |
High- cardiorespiratory fitness aging at risk for AD |
Low- cardiorespiratory fitness aging at risk for AD |
A graded treadmill exercise (VO2peak) |
– |
A comprehensive neuropsychological exam (immediate memory, verbal learning and memory) |
Increased PiB-PET binding and reduced CSF Aβ42 |
PET |
Porto et al., 2015 |
Pre-training MCI |
After-training MCI |
Aerobic training |
24 weeks |
MMSE, ADAS-Cog |
Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex |