Table 3.

Multivariable regression results for the determinants of illnesses and proper treatments in children under-five in Vietnam, 2000, 2006, and 2011

		Diarrhea	Illness with cough	ORT	Seeking formal healthcare for illness with cough
Variables	Categories	OR(CI)	OR(CI)	OR(CI)	OR(CI)
Wave†	Wave 2	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
	Wave 3	**0.70 (0.55–0.88)	***0.21 (0.17–0.26)	1.78 (0.97–3.26)	0.98 (0.72–1.34)
	Wave 4	***0.67 (0.55–0.81)	***0.43 (0.33–0.57)	***5.26 (3.25–8.52)	***0.26 (0.19–0.34)
Child's age	<2 years	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
	≥2 years	***0.44 (0.37–0.53)	0.97 (0.87–1.08)	0.84 (0.52–1.35)	0.95 (0.76–1.18)
Child's gender	Female	Ref.	Ref.		Ref.
	Male	*1.21 (0.64–2.37)	1.05 (0.95–1.16)	*1.61 (1.09–2.38)	1.12 (0.90–1.39)
Mother's education	<Primary	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
	Lower secondary	1.02 (0.83–1.26)	0.99 (0.86–1.15)	***2.71 (1.56–4.71)	1.17 (0.88–1.55)
	Upper secondary	0.90 (0.69–1.17)	1.02 (0.86–1.21)	*2.26 (1.17–4.39)	0.85 (0.58–1.23)
	Tertiary	0.77 (0.56–1.06)	1.02 (0.85–1.24)	*2.32 (1.09–4.96)	1.33 (0.89–1.90)
Area	Urban	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
	Rural	*1.28 (1.00–1.64)	0.97 (0.85–1.12)	0.87 (0.50–1.51)	1.32 (0.95–1.83)
Ethnicity	Non-Kinh	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
	Kinh	**0.70 (0.56–0.87)	**1.29 (1.10–1.51)	0.71 (0.42–1.20)	1.07 (0.78–1.46)
Wealth quintiles	Poorest	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
	Second	0.87 (0.69–1.11)	*1.91 (1.17–3.11)	1.29 (0.72–2.32)	0.81 (0.60–1.11)
	Middle	0.85 (0.65–1.11)	1.42 (0.85–2.37)	*2.24 (1.22–4.12)	0.87 (0.62–1.23)
	Fourth	0.85 (0.64–1.13)	*1.97 (1.12–3.45)	1.88 (0.97–3.63)	0.83 (0.58–1.20)
	Richest	0.80 (0.56–1.14)	1.11 (0.62–2.00)	1.45 (0.63–3.34)	*0.56 (0.34–0.91)
Breastfeeding	No	Ref.	Ref.
	Yes	1.23 (1.03–1.42)	0.90 (0.63–1.29)
Wave×wealth index	Wave×second		*0.78 (0.64–0.96)
	Wave×middle		*0.81 (0.66–1.00)
	Wave×fourth		*0.73 (0.58–0.91)
	Wave×richest		0.82 (0.66–1.03)

^†Wave 2, year 2000; wave 3, year 2006; wave 4, year 2011

^*p<0.05

^**p<0.01

^***p<0.001.