Fig. 1.

Trends in contraceptive use across three rounds of MICS (2000, 2006 and 2011). Individual variables selected for inclusion in level 1 of the model included: current residence (urban vs. rural); ethnic group (Kinh group vs. other ethnic groups); women's education level (no school, primary school, lower secondary, upper secondary, and college/universities); number of living children (less than two; two children; three or more); having a living son; women's age (age group 15–19, 20–24, 25–29, 30–34, 35–39, 40–44, and 45–49 years); and SES (low, middle, and high).